Lipids of epidermis and keratinized and non-keratinized oral epithelia

Wertz, Philip W.; Cox, Patrick; Squier, Christopher A.; Downing, Donald T.

doi:10.1016/0305-0491(86)90291-9

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The observed results could relate to phospholipase A 2 activity, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of membrane glycerophospholipids into free FAs and lysophospholipids [24]. In agreement with our results, PLs were found to be the major fraction in cheek cells of pigs [25,26]. These authors determined the distribution of lipid fractions by photodensitometry and lipid proportions was based on total molar amounts of lipids, including cholesterol.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Fatty Acid Status Determination by Cheek Cell Sampling Combined with Methanol‐Based Ultrasound Extraction of Glycerophospholipids

Klingler

Demmelmair

Koletzko

et al. 2011

Lipids

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Tissue and blood fatty acid compositions are used as biological markers of fatty acid intakes to improve dietary assessments. These approaches are invasive and not well accepted, particularly in infants and young children. We developed a sensitive method for the analysis of fatty acids in cheek cell glycerophospholipids, which includes significant improvements of cell sampling, non-chromatographic isolation of glycerophospholipids and base-catalyzed synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters. Sphingophospholipids are not detected by this method. This enables a highly accurate determination of cheek cell glycerophospholipid fatty acids, even if cell numbers are limited. Coefficients of variation for fatty acids contributing more than 0.3% to total glycerophospholipid fatty acids are below 10% in samples with more than 10(5) cells. Good correlations were shown between docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid percentages in cheek cell and plasma glycerophospholipids (r = 0.83 and 0.64, respectively; P < 0.001) with a linear relationship over the whole concentration range observed in adult study participants (n = 29). Cheek cell sampling is non-invasive and can easily be applied in infants. The accuracy and reliability of this new method is comparable to conventional invasive methods for the determination of the n-3 fatty acid status in humans, and it is well applicable in interventional or epidemiological studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Fatty Acid Status Determination by Cheek Cell Sampling Combined with Methanol‐Based Ultrasound Extraction of Glycerophospholipids

Klingler

Demmelmair

Koletzko

et al. 2011

Lipids

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“…The distribution of lipids in non-keratinized, oral mucosal sites, which generally have a higher water permeability than keratinized regions, is different from epidermis (25,26). Non-keratinized regions, such as the buecal epithelia, contain no acylglucosylceramides and acylceramides and only very small amounts of ceramides.…”

Section: Regional Varialions In Iniiiuiii Sirctlutii Conieuiii Lipid mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Glycosylceram-ides replace ceramides in non-keratinizing epithelia apparently because of an absence of endogenous P-glycosidase activity (28). Moreover, both kefatinizing and non-keratinizing regiotis of porcine oral epithelia contain more phospholipids than epidermis (25,26). Thus, the differences in permeability in epidermis vs. tnucosal epithelia may be explicable by the replacement of ceramides and free fatty acids by glycosylceramides and phospholipids, respectively.…”

Section: Regional Varialions In Iniiiuiii Sirctlutii Conieuiii Lipid mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, these immature or incompletely processed membrane structures also appear in a subgroup of Gaucher's disease (type II), which is characterized by drastically reduced enzyme levels and ichthyosiform skin lesions (24). Such immature, glycosylated membrane structures, although inadequate to meet the demands of terrestrial life, nevertheless appear to suffice in mucosal epithelia (25,26), and in the stratum corneum of marine cetaceans, which both display a high glycosylceramide to ceramide ratio (27). Pertinently, endogenous P-glucosidase levels are reduced in oral mucosa (28).…”

Section: Extracellular Lipid Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stratum corneum architecture, metabolic activity and interactivity with subjacent cell layers

Elias

1996

Experimental Dermatology

126

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“…In the oral cavity, the regions of the hard palate and gingiva resemble the epidermis in that they are covered with a keratinizing epithelium that produces a stratum corneum [21]. The events of keratinization in the keratinizing oral regions are generally similar to what takes place in the epidermis; however, the lamellar granules and therefore the intercellular lipids of the stratum corneum are less abundant [22,23]. The protein envelope is less thick and no lipid is attached [24].…”

Section: Permeability Barriersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Antimicrobial Defense of Skin and Oral Mucosa

Wertz

Szalay

2020

Antibiotics

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This special issue intends to review and update our understanding of the antimicrobial defense mechanisms of the skin and oral cavity. These two environments are quite different in terms of water, pH, and nutrient availability, but have some common antimicrobial factors. The skin surface supports the growth of a limited range of microorganisms but provides a hostile environment for others. The growth of most microorganisms is prevented or limited by the low pH, scarcity of some nutrients such as phosphorus and the presence of antimicrobial peptides, including defensins and cathelicidins, and antimicrobial lipids, including certain fatty acids and long-chain bases. On the other hand, the oral cavity is a warm, moist, nutrient rich environment which supports the growth of diverse microflora. Saliva coating the oral soft and hard surfaces determines which microorganisms can adhere to these surfaces. Some salivary proteins bind to bacteria and prevent their attachment to surfaces. Other salivary peptides, including defensins, cathelicidins, and histatins are antimicrobial. Antimicrobial salivary proteins include lysozyme, lactoferrin, and lactoperoxidase. There are also antimicrobial fatty acids derived from salivary triglycerides and long-chain bases derived from oral epithelial sphingolipids. The various antimicrobial factors determine the microbiomes of the skin surface and the oral cavity. Alterations of these factors can result in colonization by opportunistic pathogens, and this may lead to infection. Neutrophils and lymphocytes in the connective tissue of skin and mucosa also contribute to innate immunity.

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Lipids of epidermis and keratinized and non-keratinized oral epithelia

Cited by 30 publications

References 20 publications

Fatty Acid Status Determination by Cheek Cell Sampling Combined with Methanol‐Based Ultrasound Extraction of Glycerophospholipids

Fatty Acid Status Determination by Cheek Cell Sampling Combined with Methanol‐Based Ultrasound Extraction of Glycerophospholipids

Stratum corneum architecture, metabolic activity and interactivity with subjacent cell layers

Innate Antimicrobial Defense of Skin and Oral Mucosa

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