“…These methods have evolved and have been adapted for the reliable detection of the presence and aggregative stage of various amyloids (i.e., Orru et al, 2017;Saijo et al, 2019) in different biological samples (i.e., Fairfoul et al, 2016;Haley et al, 2016;Bongianni et al, 2017). In parallel to these biochemical methods, other engineering laboratories have developed ultrasensitive methods based on graphene oxide and entropy-driven strand displacement reaction (ESDR) with LOD of 20 pM (Zhou et al, 2018), or graphene field-effect transistor (G-FET) for β-amyloid formation (Kuo et al, 2018). Unfortunately, these methods are not currently used in patient-derived studies.…”