Linking fungi, trees, and hole-using birds in a Neotropical tree-cavity network: Pathways of cavity production and implications for conservation

Cockle, Kristina L.; Martin, Kathy; Robledo, Gerardo Lúcio

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.015

Cited by 100 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Conversely, Aitken and Martin (2007) and Boyle et al (2008) found an 85% and 71% occurrence of tree cavities, respectively, in living trees of Canadian forests. Tree decay processes, wood hardness, the presence of excavators, plant community, and rates of cavity decay are the factors considered to influence the proportion of cavities in living versus dead trees (Cockle et al, 2012;Edworthy et al, 2012). Of the total recorded cavities at our sites, 36% were excavated in live trees, of which 50% were done by 5 woodpecker species (Picus mahrattensis, P. squamatus, Dendrocopos himalayensis, D. hyperythrus, and Dinopium benghalense).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tree cavities and associated vertebrate fauna in a coniferous forest of Dhirkot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir part of Pakistan

Hussaın¹,

Abbasi²,

Mirza³

et al. 2013

Turk J Zool

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tree cavities and associated vertebrate fauna in a coniferous forest of Dhirkot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir part of Pakistan

Hussaın¹,

Abbasi²,

Mirza³

et al. 2013

Turk J Zool

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“…cavity nesting vertebrates (Cockle et al 2012;Müller et al 2014;Lõhmus 2016), epiphytes (Frits & HeilmannClausen (2010) or saproxylic insects (Komonen 2003). Even if most of theses studies do not directly point to specific fungal species as indicators of conservation value at site level, they often have a considerable educational potential by highligthing the key roles fungi play in saproxylic food-webs, and in the creation of habitats for more well-known species, including woodpeckers (cf.…”

Section: Critique and Testing Of Proposed Surrogate Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The history and future of fungi as biodiversity surrogates in forests

2017

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Biodiversity surrogates are commonly used in conservation biology. Here we review how fungi have been used as such in forest conservation, emphasizing proposed surrogate roles and practical applications. We show that many fungal surrogates have been suggested based on field experience and loose concepts, rather than on rigorously collected scientific data. Yet, they have played an important role, not only in forest conservation, but also in inspiring research in fungal ecology and forest history. We argue that, even in times of ecosystem oriented conservation planning and molecular tools to analyze fungal communities, fruit bodies of macrofungi have potential as convenient conservation shortcuts and easy tools to communicate complex biodiversity for a broader audience. To improve the reliability of future fungal surrogates we propose a three step protocol for developing evidence based schemes for practical application in forest conservation.

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“…All nest cavities were in the main trunk and apparently of natural origin (e.g. polypore fungal decay; see Cockle et al 2012), as opposed to having been excavated by primary cavity users such as woodpeckers (Piciformes). Nest cavities-albeit relatively high-nevertheless tended to be located in the lower half of tree boles (Table 1), where past injuries from limb breakage or mechanical damage were oldest and fungal decay and associated cavity development likely more advanced (Cockle et al 2011a(Cockle et al , 2012.…”

Section: Nest Cavitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For such species that specifically use arboreal cavities, cavity suitability can depend upon factors such as internal cavity dimensions, entrance height and orientation and even particular tree species (Snyder et al 1987;Martin et al 2004;Cockle et al 2012;Renton et al 2015). This specificity in nest requirements can result in substantial limitations to cavity availability, especially in humanmodified environments (Cockle et al 2010;Edworthy and Martin 2013;Saunders et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lophozonia tree cavities used for nesting by Slender-billed Parakeets (Enicognathus leptorhynchus) in the central valley of southern Chile: a potentially vanishing keystone resource

White

Jiménez

2017

Avian Res

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Background:The Slender-billed Parakeet (Enicognathus leptorhynchus) is a psittacine endemic to southern Chile and an obligate secondary cavity-nester. In the central valley of southern Chile, most (94%) of the known Slender-billed Parakeet nests have occurred in large, mature southern beech (Lophozonia obliqua) trees (locally known as "pellines"). As relicts of the original old-growth forests of southern Chile, most pellines have been lost due to extensive landclearing throughout the region, potentially threatening long-term persistence of the Slender-billed Parakeet. Methods:We conducted our study in the central valley of southern Chile, near the city of Osorno during three consecutive nesting seasons (November-January, 2008-2011. Nest trees used by Slender-billed Parakeets were located by direct observation of parakeet activities and through interviews with local residents, some of whom were former parrot nest poachers. Nest cavities were accessed, inspected and measured using single-rope climbing techniques. We report means, standard errors, 95% confidence intervals and ranges for 11 cavity-related variables. We also report clutch sizes encountered in active nests, and age estimates of nest trees based on known growth rates of Lophozonia trees in southern Chile. Linear regressions were used to evaluate potential relationships between cavity-related variables and clutch size. Results:We located and measured 38 Lophozonia tree cavities used for nesting by Slender-billed Parakeets. Compared to those used by other psittacines, nest trees were relatively large, averaging 30.4 ± 1.1 m in height with a mean diameter at breast height of 134.5 ± 4.7 cm. Based on estimated annual diameter increment, ages of nest trees ranged from approximately 209-485 years. Nest cavities entrances averaged 12.5 ± 0.9 m in height above ground level. Cavity entrance widths averaged 51.0 ± 13.3 cm (vertical) by 11.5 ± 0.7 cm (horizontal). Cavity entrance orientations were apparently random, with no directional preferences detected. Nest cavities were also relatively large, with a mean internal diameter of 39.6 ± 2.4 cm and mean depth of 90.3 ± 24.2 cm. Clutch sizes (2-9) were unusually large for psittacines of this size (ca. 280-300 g) and broods of up to seven well-developed nestlings were observed. Conclusions:We found that the deep and spacious cavities provided by pellines facilitate successful rearing of large broods, thereby maximizing productivity and fitness. The existence of pellines has apparently allowed Slender-billed Parakeets to adapt successfully to a wholesale loss of ancestral habitat to anthropogenic modifications. Immediate and strategic conservation measures, such as protection of existing pellines and the regeneration and recruitment of additional ones, are recommended for ensuring the survival of Slender-billed Parakeet populations throughout the central valley of southern Chile.

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Linking fungi, trees, and hole-using birds in a Neotropical tree-cavity network: Pathways of cavity production and implications for conservation

Cited by 100 publications

References 33 publications

Tree cavities and associated vertebrate fauna in a coniferous forest of Dhirkot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir part of Pakistan

Tree cavities and associated vertebrate fauna in a coniferous forest of Dhirkot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir part of Pakistan

The history and future of fungi as biodiversity surrogates in forests

Lophozonia tree cavities used for nesting by Slender-billed Parakeets (Enicognathus leptorhynchus) in the central valley of southern Chile: a potentially vanishing keystone resource

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