Linkages between External Commuting and Out-Migration: Evidence from Middle-Eastern Pennsylvania

Holmes, John

doi:10.2307/142891

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…A map of journey-to-work hinterlands in Fife in 1961 and 1971 is provided by Barke (1978), together with the documentation of changes to commuting patterns when pit closures forced coal miners to take longer journeys to work in remaining mines. Holmes (1972) documents a similar lengthening of journeys in Pennsylvania as a prelude to out-migration. Schnell and Glasgow (1976) and Thompson (1956) provide additional examples.…”

Section: The Labour Shedmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Unemployment and Urban Labour Markets

Morrison

2005

Urban Studies

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Two quite distinct views on how metropolitan labour markets work have co-existed for over three decades. Both claim empirical support and, after a brief period of confrontation, they continue to co-exist today giving quite conflicting signals to policy-makers. According to the first model, the urban labour market consists of a number of spatially defined sub-markets so that local unemployment exists primarily because of deficiencies in highly localised demand for labour. By this argument, unemployment rates remain high in the absence of a renewed supply of appropriate jobs within short commuting distances of the jobless. The solution according to this model is to attract private-and public-sector production into such areas. In contrast, a second model views the city as a single market in which transactions between labour and capital take place regardless of the location of residence and employment sites. According to this perspective, the spatial incidence of unemployment simply reflects the residential clustering effects of a housing market reacting to an unequal income distribution. Demand for labour may still be deficient, but only at the aggregate, metropolitan-wide level. According to this model, creating jobs for labour in particular parts of the conurbation in order to reduce unemployment in certain neighbourhoods will only have a temporary, short-term effect at best. The apparent conflicts between the policy implications drawn from these segmented and seamless models of the urban labour market arise out of a failure to recognise explicitly the marked differences that exist in the ability of different levels of human capital to adjust. Both models have relevance, but to different categories of labour. As soon as the implicit assumption of homogeneous labour is relaxed, the simultaneous presence of spatially seamless and segmented markets becomes a source of insight rather than conflict and their role in policy discussion becomes more transparent. The research challenge lies in achieving a better understanding of the scope and practice of adjustment of individuals with different skills together with the way the urban markets as a whole adjust.

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Section: The Labour Shedmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…38. For an early discussion of external commuting as a substitute for out-migration, see Holmes (1972), Clark and Kuijpers-Linde (1994) and Yapa et al (1971). Cameron and Muellbauer (1998) address the commuting-migration trade-off by showing how housing price differences between places inhibit migration in favour of longer commutes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Unemployment and Urban Labour Markets

Morrison

2005

Urban Studies

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Job-Search Perspectives on Migration Behaviour

Miron

1978

Environ Plan A

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Although considerable empirical work has been undertaken to estimate interregional migration models, there has not been a corresponding attempt to construct more rigorous theoretical models. For over a decade, Sjaastad's (1962) basic analysis has been unsurpassed. The more recent paper by David (1974), however, attempts to lay a firm microeconomic and risk-analytic foundation for migration models by using concepts arising from job-search theory. His analysis is still quite limited in its perspective on migration, and the present paper attempts to derive a more satisfactory theoretical view of migration. In particular, the various aspects of job-search theory as it has been applied to macroeconomic theory are reviewed and the relevance of these to migration behaviour are assessed. The paper emphasizes (1) differences between search models concerned with wage dispersion and those concerned with job finding, (2) the information possessed by job seekers about different labour markets, (3) alternative search strategies including voluntary job quitting and the migration of unemployed job seekers, and (4) different measures of job-finding probabilities. Although several theoretical models are presented, the main purpose of the paper is to provide a systematic overview of the issues in model design in this important new area of migration research.

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The use and definition of Travel-to-Work Areas in Great Britain: Some problems

Ball

1980

Regional Studies

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Linkages between External Commuting and Out-Migration: Evidence from Middle-Eastern Pennsylvania

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Unemployment and Urban Labour Markets

Unemployment and Urban Labour Markets

Job-Search Perspectives on Migration Behaviour

The use and definition of Travel-to-Work Areas in Great Britain: Some problems

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