Lignocellulosic wastes: biological conversion

Nutrient Digestibility, Ruminal Fermentation Activities, Serum Parameters and Milk Production and Composition of Lactating Goats Fed Diets Containing Rice Straw Treated with <italic>Pleurotus ostreatus</italic>

“…However only ~25% of the total amount of RS is fed to livestock ( Steele et al, 2009 ). Use of RS as an animal feed is limited by its low nutritive value, mainly attributable to the crystalline structure of the cellulose fibrils surrounded by hemicellulose, and by the presence of lignin, which prevents enzymes penetration ( Chahal and Chahal, 1998 ).…”

Correlation between smoking status, periodontitis and SIgA level in a sample of patients

“…This was in was constituent with Rashkova et al 2010, Shilpashree et al 2012, Giuca et al 2014 and Chahal et al 2017 who highlighted a decrease in salivary IgA in cigarette smokers (20,(22)(23)(24) Decrease of SIgA could be as result of to the local effect of tobacco on the level of salivary immunoglobulin Furthermore, it could be attributed to the effect of Cigarette smoking on the immunoregulation of B-cell differentiation and its maturation . In addition, to the increased total T-cell numbers with a decrease in the T helper/suppressor cell ratio in heavy (6,(22)(23)(24) Comparing clinical parameters of periodontal disease between the groups of our study showed no significant increase of plague index among periodontal smoking patients compared to periodontal no smokers .This was in agreement with former studies. (6,25,26) However, it was in contrast with former studies (27) which showed higher plaque levels in smokers in addition to other studies which found less plaque levels in smokers .…”

Role of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria in the Bioconversion of Lignocellulose waste material

“…However, most lig-nocellulose materials like wood and dry grasses are rich in carbon, but contain insufficient amounts of nitrogen [33]. Furthermore, the recalcitrant structure of lignin makes it difficult to release the cel-lulose and hemicellulose from the lignin structure [32]. The lignocellulose waste has to be pretreated and hydrolysed in order to be effectively used for production of commercially important products.…”

“…It requires pretreatment due to its complex structure. The importance of pretreatment lies in the fact that it increases the accessibility of cellulose to cellulase enzymes (present in certain bacteria) and disrupts the lignocellulosehemicellulose-cellulose complex (LHC) [32]. Different pretreatment methods are available [5].…”

“…Alkali/ acid pretreatment are widely studied chemical pretreatment methods. However, in the pre-sent days, ionic liquids and organo solvents are used alongside alkali/ acid pretreatment methods [27,32]. Studies have shown that alkali pretreatment is an effective technique in removing lignin and makes carbohydrates more exposed to use for the downstream processes, although the removal of alkali is a disadvantage associated with this technique.…”