Lignin Phenol Formaldehyde Resoles Using Base-Catalysed Depolymerized Kraft Lignin

Solt, Pia; Rößiger, Björn; Konnerth, Johannes; Herwijnen, Hendrikus W. G. van

doi:10.3390/polym10101162

Cited by 49 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Both phenolic resins exhibit, a free formaldehyde of <0.4%—measured with a back titration according to ISO‐11402, and phenol contents of ≤0.1%—using a high‐performance liquid chromatography method. All methods are described in more detail in Solt et al . Indicated differences in resin properties might be due to slight variation in the recipe and are considered to be small enough to enable a proper comparison for the subsequent tests.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoplastic and moisture‐dependent behavior of lignin phenol formaldehyde resins

Solt

Herwijnen

Konnerth

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Bonding kinetics of thermosetting adhesives is influenced by a variety of factors such as temperature, humidity, and resin properties. A comparison of lignin‐based phenol formaldehyde (LPF) and phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesive in terms of reactivity and mechanical properties referring to testing conditions (temperature, moisture of specimen) were investigated. For this purpose, two resins were manufactured aiming for similar technological resin properties. The reactivity was evaluated by B‐time measurements at different temperatures and the development of bonding strength at three different conditions, testing immediately after hot pressing, after applying a cooling phase after hot pressing, or sample conditioning at standard climate. In addition, the moisture stability of the two fully cured resins was examined. The calculated reactivity index demonstrated that LPF requires more energy for curing than PF. Further results indicate that lignin as substituent for phenol in PF resin has a negative impact on its moisture resistance. Additionally, the known thermoplastic behavior of lignin could also be detected in the behavior of the cured resin. This behavior is relevant for the adhesive in use and necessitates a cooling phase before testing the bonding strength development of lignin‐based adhesive systems. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Applied Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48011.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoplastic and moisture‐dependent behavior of lignin phenol formaldehyde resins

Solt

Herwijnen

Konnerth

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…One of the potential ecofriendly substitutes for phenol is lignin, the main component in lignocellulosic biomass [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Lignin has a phenolic structure, and it is now widely used in the production of phenolic resin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Sarika

Nancarrow

Khansaheb³

et al. 2020

Polymers

138

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Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

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“…The longitudinal tensile shear strength of wood joints produced with the resin was similar to or higher than that of the reference PF resin. The best results were achieved with 70% replacement of phenol [ 85 ].…”

Section: Cleavage Of Ligninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Applications—A Review

et al. 2021

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Improving the environmental performance of resins in wood treatment by using renewable chemicals has been a topic of interest for a long time. At the same time, lignin, the second most abundant biomass on earth, is produced in large scale as a side product and mainly used energetically. The use of lignin in wood adhesives or for wood modification has received a lot of scientific attention. Despite this, there are only few lignin-derived wood products commercially available. This review provides a summary of the research on lignin application in wood adhesives, as well as for wood modification. The research on the use of uncleaved lignin and of cleavage products of lignin is reviewed. Finally, the current state of the art of commercialization of lignin-derived wood products is presented.

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Lignin Phenol Formaldehyde Resoles Using Base-Catalysed Depolymerized Kraft Lignin

Cited by 49 publications

References 24 publications

Thermoplastic and moisture‐dependent behavior of lignin phenol formaldehyde resins

Thermoplastic and moisture‐dependent behavior of lignin phenol formaldehyde resins

Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Lignin and Lignin-Derived Compounds for Wood Applications—A Review

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