Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing - Next Generation (LOADng): Protocol, extension, and applicability

Abstract

This paper studies the routing protocol "Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol -Next Generation (LOADng)", designed to enable efficient, scalable and secure routing in low power and lossy networks. As a reactive protocol, it does not maintain a routing table for all destinations in the network, but initiates a route discovery to a destination only when there is data to be sent to that destination to reduce routing overhead and memory consumption. Designed with a modular approach, LOADng can be extended with additional components for adapting the protocol to different topologies, traffic, and data-link layer characteristics. This paper studies several such additional components for extending LOADng: support for smart route requests and expanding ring search, an extension permitting maintaining collection trees, a fast rerouting extension. All those extensions are examined from the aspects of specification, interoperability with other mechanisms, security vulnerabilities, performance and applicability. A general framework is also proposed to secure the routing protocol.

Smart blacklisting: A solution to increase performance of blacklisting in LOADng for low density networks

“…Packets with best RREQ.metric-value involve the adaptation of other routing table's fields as suggested in Section II, except packets coming from a blacklisted node. If the RREQ sequence number is different from routing table entry and satisfies the condition specified in [2] to be considered as new RREQ, then the R_alt_count is reset.…”

“…In its last version of 2014, the G3-PLC standard recommends to use the Lightweight On-demand Adhoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol -Next Generation (LOADng) [2]. LOADng is a reactive routing protocol that deals with finding a path between the source and the destination when data have to be sent.…”

Performance Analysis of Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) in Large Scale Networks

“…The next generation alternative, LOAD-ng, which is also raised by IETF working group, is the representative of reactive routing while RPL is active routing. Under two cases of MP2P and P2MP traffic flows, in which the downward routing considers both storing and non-storing modes [16], both of the two protocols perform closed in link quality and delay. RPL also suffers from instability in control overload, which is similar for LOAD-ng in the multicast situation.…”

A physical layer model for G3-PLC networks simulation

“…The MAC layer is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for low-rate wireless personal area network (LoWPAN) [8]. The adaptation layer is based on the IPv6 over low-rate wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) but also includes encryption, a bootstraping mechanism and the layer 2 reactive routing algorithm LOADng [9].…”