Light electric vehicle charging strategy for low impact on the grid

Abstract

The alarming increase in the average temperature of the planet due to the massive emission of greenhouse gases has stimulated the introduction of electric vehicles (EV), given transport sector is responsible for more than 25% of the total global CO 2 emissions. EV penetration will substantially increase electricity demand and, therefore, an optimization of the EV recharging scenario is needed to make full use of the existing electricity generation system without upgrading requirements. In this paper, a methodology based on the use of the temporal valleys in the daily electricity demand is developed for EV recharge, avoiding the peak demand hours to minimize the impact on the grid. The methodology assumes three different strategies for the recharge activities: home, public buildings and electrical stations. It has been applied to the case of Spain in the year 2030, assuming three different scenarios for the growth of the total fleet: low, medium and high. For each of them, three different levels for the EV penetration by the year 2030 are considered: 25%, 50% and 75%, respectively. Only light electric vehicles (LEV), cars and motorcycles, are taken into account given the fact that batteries are not yet able to provide the full autonomy desired by heavy vehicles. Moreover, heavy vehicles have different travel uses that should be separately considered. Results for the fraction of the total recharge to be made in each of the different recharge modes are deduced with indication of the time intervals to be used in each of them. For the higher penetration scenario, 75% of the total park, an almost flat electricity demand curve is obtained. Studies are made for working days and for non-working days.

Potential of Using Medium Electric Vehicle Fleet in a Commercial Enterprise Transport in Germany on the Basis of Real-World GPS Data

“…In reaction to the occurrence of undesired events during the charging of vehicle batteries, appropriate methods and control algorithms are being developed. In [56], the authors proposed a method allowing electric vehicles to be charged in temporary load valleys, thus limiting the impact of vehicles on increasing energy demand. The methodology presented was studied for different locations (home, public buildings) and for different numbers of vehicles (low, medium, and high electric vehicle penetration).…”

Competition and coordination strategies of shared electric vehicles and public transportation considering customer travel utility

“…With the gradual rise and development of SEV, there has been an upsurge of scholarly attention on the research of operational problems of SEV. The majority of the studies focus on the following three problems: rebalancing or scheduling problem (Bruglieri et al 2014;Weikl and Bogenberger 2015;Li et al 2016;Correia and Antunes 2017), charging problem (Dong et al 2014;Avci et al 2014;Neubauer and Wood 2014;Wu 2019;Paula et al 2020) and station selection and station planning (He et al 2017;Kaspi et al 2016;Mak and Shen 2014;Ang et al 2012). After years of research on the above problems, it has been found that the impact of other modes of transportation on SEV as well as the coordination problem between them should be considered.…”

Small Electric Vehicles (SEV)—Impacts of an Increasing SEV Fleet on the Electric Load and Grid

“…For instance, Morais et al consider different scenarios of EV's impact in the power demand curve in a smart grid with vehicle-to-grid capabilities [11]. Bastida-Molina et al assess charging strategies for light electric vehicles to exploit the existing electric generation system as best as possible [12]. Research on grid impact has predominantly been based on conventional-sized vehicle concepts and their battery characteristics.…”