Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (Phalacrocoracidae, Aves)

Jackowiak, Hanna; Andrzejewski, W.; Godynicki, S

doi:10.2108/zsj.23.161

Cited by 63 publications

(102 citation statements)

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“…Jackowiak and Godynicki (2005) reported that the orifices of the anterior glands were situated on the lateral surfaces of the posterior part of the lingual body, whereas the posterior lingual glands open on the entire surface of the lingual root. In the mammals, some openings of the glandular ducts at the dorsal surfaces of the conical papil- lae of the lingual radix were observed in the tiger (Emura et al, 2004), fox (Jackowiak and Godynicki, 2004) and mole (Jackowiak, 2006). In the tongues of the peregrine falcon and common kestrel, the many openings of the lingual glands existed in the entire surfaces of the lingual body and lingual root .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Oriental Scops Owl (Otus scops)

Emura¹,

Okumura²,

Chen³

2009

Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn.

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Summary:The dorsal lingual surface of an adult owl (Otus scops) was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The tongue of the adult owl was about 1 cm long. Three parts were distinguished in the dorsal surface of the tongue: the apex, the body and the root of the tongue. The conical region between the lingual apex and lingual root was very wide area. The conical papillae of the lingual body were inclined toward the posterior of the tongue. At low magnification of scanning electron microscopy, the desquamated cells were observed in the entire dorsal surface of the lingual apex. The connective tissue cores of the epithelium of the lingual apex showed the rod-shaped protrusions. The border between the lingual apex and body was clear and the small conical papillae were observed in the lingual body. The small and large conical papillae were observed on the lingual body. The many openings of the lingual glands existed in the lingual body and lingual root.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Oriental Scops Owl (Otus scops)

Emura¹,

Okumura²,

Chen³

2009

Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn.

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“…chickens, parrot, geese, eagle and cormorant (Iwasaki and Kobayashi, 1986;Homberger and Brush, 1986;Iwasaki et al, 1997;Jackowiak and Godynicki, 2005;Jackowiak et al, 2006). The results of morphological studies conducted so far indicate a close correlation of the shape of the tongue with the method of food intake and the type of food, and habitat.…”

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Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Peregrine Falcon and Common Kestrel

Emura

Okumura

Chen

2008

Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn.

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The studies on the structure of the tongue in birds have been conducted on a small number of species, i.e. chickens, parrot, geese, eagle and cormorant (Iwasaki and Kobayashi, 1986;Homberger and Brush, 1986;Iwasaki et al., 1997;Jackowiak and Godynicki, 2005;Jackowiak et al., 2006). The results of morphological studies conducted so far indicate a close correlation of the shape of the tongue with the method of food intake and the type of food, and habitat.However, no scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of the tongue of the owl has been carried out. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to examine threedimensionally the dorsal lingual surface of the owl, in order to compare the results with those previous reports in other birds. Materials and MethodsThe tongues of an adult peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) of the family Falconidae were used in this study. The tongues were fixed in 10% formalin. Small blocks containing papillae were cut with a razor blade, post-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide for 1 h. Thereafter, the specimens were dehydrated through graded series of acetone and criticalpoint-dried. To show the three-dimensional connective tissue structure of the lamina propria of the mucosa, some of the samples were washed in distilled water after fixation and macerated in 3.5N HCl at room temperature for 6 days. After maceration tissues were washed in the distilled water and post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide for 1 h, and dehydrated in a series of acetone and criticalpoint-dried. All specimens were sputtered with Pt-Pd before being examined under SEM (Hitachi S-3500N, Tokyo, Japan) at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. ResultsThe tongue of the adult peregrine falcon is about 2.5 cm long. The tongue of the adult common kestrel is about 1.5 cm long. The tips of the tongues of the peregrine falcon and common kestrel were bifid ( Fig. 1 and 3). Three parts are distinguished in the dorsal surface of the tongue: the apex, the body and the root of the tongue in each bird ( Fig. 1 and 3). The region of the openings of the lingual glands between the lingual apex and lingual root are very wide area (Fig. 1, 2c, 2d, 3, 4c and 4d). Many conical papillae of the lingual body are inclined toward the posterior of the tongue on the posterior end (Figs. 1, 2e, 2f, 3, 4e and 4f). At low magnification of scanning electron microscopy, many processes are observed densely distributed over the entire lingual apex of the dorsal surface ( 11

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“…Homberger and Brush (1986) studied the adaptation of the fleshy tongue of the parrot for processing seeds. In the chicken, feeding with grains, and in the carnivorous white-tailed eagle, there are numerous conical papillae at the end of the lingual body, pointing backwards to prevent food from moving back before swallowing (Iwasaki and Kobayashi, 1986;Jackowiak and Godynicki, 2006). Special structures observed in the nutcracker are two long keratinized plates, which grow from the ventral surface of the lingual apex and are used for extracting seeds from pine cones (Jackowiak et al, 2010).…”

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“…Special structures observed in the nutcracker are two long keratinized plates, which grow from the ventral surface of the lingual apex and are used for extracting seeds from pine cones (Jackowiak et al, 2010). In the white-tailed eagle, the duck, and the bean goose, the median groove of the tongue is an important instrument to influence the direction of food transport (Iwasaki, 1997;Jackowiak and Godynicki, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…For instance in the cormorant, the tongue has been reduced to a small, connective tissue structure and can be regarded as rudimentary (Jackowiak and Godynicki, 2006). In the ostrich, the short tongue has no mechanical papillae but contains numerous mucous glands for moistening the beak cavity, which may be an adaptation to semi-arid climatic conditions (Jackowiak and Ludwig, 2008).…”

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Functional Morphology of the Tongue in the Domestic Goose (Anser Anser f. Domestica)

Jackowiak

Skieresz‐Szewczyk

Godynicki

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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116

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Using LM and SEM methods, the study describes microstructures in particular areas of the tongue of the goose. A thick multilayered keratinized epithelium forms the ''lingual nail'' and covers small and giant conical papillae, whereby the first functions as an exoskeleton of the tongue apex, and the latter are arranged along the lingual and well-developed connective tissue cores, and together with the bill lamellae are involved in cutting. The row of conical papillae on the lingual prominence prevents regurgitation of transported food. In the area of the ''lingual nail'' and in the anterior part of the lingual prominence, Herbst corpuscles are accumulated, which allow to recognize food position. Filiform papillae, as widely distributed between the conical papillae of the body, are responsible for filtering. They can be explained as long keratinized processes of the epithelium and are devoid of connective tissue cores. During food transport, the flattened areas of the lingual body and the lingual prominence are protected by a parakeratinized epithelium, but the root is covered by a nonkeratinized epithelium. The presence of adipose tissue in the tongue probably reduces pressure during food passage, but also promotes mucus evacuation from the lingual glands, thus facilitating food transport. An entoglossal bone with a continuation as cartilage is the stable structural basis of the tongue system. Anat Rec, 294:1574Rec, 294: -1584Rec, 294: , 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: tongue; epithelium; lingual papillae; lingual nail; Herbst corpuscles; domestic gooseThe type of food intake and processing of food in animals are important factors to affect the morphological diversity of structures on the surface of the tongue. Previous investigations of the oral cavity in birds focused on the position of the tongue in the beak cavity and detailed macroanatomical and microanatomical features, such as diversity of mechanical papillae, types of epithelium covering the lingual mucosa and modifications of skeletal structures, including the hyoid apparatus. Moreover, several earlier studies included already aspects of the rich relief of the tongue in

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Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (Phalacrocoracidae, Aves)

Cited by 63 publications

References 14 publications

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Oriental Scops Owl (Otus scops)

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Oriental Scops Owl (Otus scops)

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Peregrine Falcon and Common Kestrel

Functional Morphology of the Tongue in the Domestic Goose (Anser Anser f. Domestica)

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