Ligand-accelerated liquid membrane extraction of metal ions

Quantification of tetramethyl-terephthalic acid in rat liver, spleen and urine matrices by liquid–liquid phase extraction and HPLC-photodiode array detection

“…Acidification with trichloroacetic acid of the homogenized samples contributed both to a complete extraction of TMT and to the precipitation of proteins, as previously reported for other biological matrices [14,15]. However, HCl treatment allowed the formation of a more compact protein precipitate than trichloroacetic acid, improving the sample purification and consequently, decreasing the number of peaks corresponding to endogenous compounds.Moreover, the use of the sodium acetate buffer also improved the extraction of TMT due to its reasonable solubility (0.5 mg ml −1 ) tested experimentally and to the presence of acetate ions with surface-active properties [16], which also favored the extraction of TMT gathered at the aqueous-organic interface [17][18][19]. On the other hand, the TMT extraction in urine spleen and liver matrices was studied after several stirring times (10-30 min).…”

Use of Emulsions, Microemulsions, and Hollow Fiber Contactors as Liquid Membranes

“…Demulsification (emulsion breaking) by application of high voltage electric fields has proven to be most successful (15). Extraction using ELMs have been reported for copper, zinc, mercury, cobalt, chromium, and nickel (4,5,7,9,11,16,17).…”

Nitrogen doped nano porous graphene as a sorbent for separation and preconcentration trace amounts of Pb, Cd and Cr by Ultrasonic assisted in‐syringe dispersive micro solid phase extraction

“…The most recently, many research efforts are towards the development of efficient, miniature, and environment friendly sample preparation methods. To reach this goal, various techniques such as liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), cloud point extraction (CPE), solid phase extraction (SPE), membrane extraction (ME) and stir‐bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) have been applied for separation and preconcentration of heavy metals. Among these methods, solid phase extraction (SPE) is considered more superior in sample preparation due to high preconcentration factor and the consumption of small volume of solvent.…”