Lifestyle‐related risk factors among patients with coronary artery disease in Nepal

Abstract

Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death and morbidity globally. South Asia, including Nepal, has higher risks for CAD due to relatively higher exposures to risk factors. This study evaluated the prevalence of lifestyle‐related risk factors and the associations of risk factors with socio‐demographic variables among CAD patients. Methods A cross‐sectional study was conducted among CAD patients (n = 224) admitted to a national heart centre in Nepal. Data on dietary habits, smoking, alcohol consumption, stress, physical activity, overweight or obesity and adherence to medication were collected using standard questionnaires. The numbers of risk factors were categorised into three groups (1–2 = low, 3 = medium, 4–7 = high). Data analysis was performed by cross‐tabulation and multinomial logistic regression. Prevalence odds ratios (POR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used as the measure of the associations. Results The prevalence of risk factors among patients varied from 23% to 97%, with stress being the most prevalent, and current alcohol consumption the least. The majority of study patients had multiple lifestyle‐related risk factors. Male patients (POR for medium vs. low 2.83; 95% CI 1.3, 6.18) and patients with high incomes (POR for high vs. low 2.53; 95% CI 1.10, 5.83) had higher odds of being in the medium‐ and high‐risk group, respectively. Conclusions Lifestyle‐related risk factors were highly prevalent among CAD patients. Various socio‐demographic variables were associated with the risk groups. Intervention studies on lifestyle risk factor modifications among this target group are recommended.

Consensus and Controversy in the Debate over the Biphasic Impact of Alcohol Consumption on the Cardiovascular System

“…By using standard questionnaires, information regarding eating habits, smoking, ethanol intake, perceived stress, physical activity, body weight, and compliance to therapeutic regimens was attained. Even though there was a high prevalence of self-reported risk factors within the study cohort, on this occasion, alcohol consumption was reported by only 23% of participants [57].…”

Management of Coronary Artery Disease: Differences in Sex

“…Kadınların erkeklerle karşılaştırıldığı çalışmalarda diyabet, hipertansiyon, lipid düzeyleri, sigara kullanımı, kan basıncı değerleri, psikososyal durum ve fiziksel aktivite fark bulunmaktadır. [14,18,19] KAH için sigara önemli bir risk faktörüdür. Sigara kullanan bireylerde KAH başta olmak üzere bir çok kronik hastalık görülmektedir.…”

“…Yapılan çalışmalarda KAH olan kadınların stres düzeyleri erkeklere göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur. [19,21] Bu çalışmaların aksine, bu araştırmada her iki cinsiyette stres algısı paralellik göstermektedir. Bunun sebebi her iki cinsiyettin sosyo-demografik ve hastalık özelliklerinin benzerlik göstermesi olabilir.…”

Effects of intervention on lifestyle changes among coronary artery disease patients: A 6‐month follow‐up study

“…The latest EUROASPIRE V survey has reported that the basic lifestyle habits are fundamental risk factors for cardiovascular disease that require more emphasis and focus (Kotseva et al., 2019 ; Mozaffarian et al., 2008 ). South Asian population have a higher prevalence of risk factor habits regardless of their residence in South Asia or otherwise (Ahmed et al., 2018 ; Gaudel et al., 2020 ; Ghimire & Dhungana, 2018 ; Khanal et al., 2018 ). Diet low in whole grains, vegetables and fruits, smoking, alcohol consumption and low physical activity are the lifestyle choices of people in Nepal which are leading risk factors for CAD, contributing to higher incidence of CAD and unacceptable numbers of premature deaths (Bhattarai et al., 2020 ; Ghimire & Dhungana, 2018 ).…”

“…The latest EUROASPIRE V survey has reported that the basic lifestyle habits are fundamental risk factors for cardiovascular disease that require more emphasis and focus (Kotseva et al, 2019;Mozaffarian et al, 2008). South Asian population have a higher prevalence of risk factor habits regardless of their residence in South Asia or otherwise (Ahmed et al, 2018;Gaudel et al, 2020;Ghimire & Dhungana, 2018;Khanal et al, 2018).…”