Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles in comparison to combustion engine vehicles: A review

Verma, Shrey; Dwivedi, Gaurav; Verma, Puneet

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.666

Cited by 103 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…On the other hand, electric vehicle engines last longer than ICE ones, which represents a global lower emissions rate despite the electricity used for recharging batteries comes from conventional polluting power plants [43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real Driving Range in Electric Vehicles: Influence on Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emissions

Armenta-Déu

Cattin

2021

WEVJ

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This paper is focused on the determination of real driving ranges for electric vehicles (EV’s) and how it influences fuel consumption and carbon emissions. A precise method to evaluate the driving range of an EV can establish the correct reduction in GEI amount, mainly CO and CO2, ejected to the environment. The comparison of the daily driving range between an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle and an EV provides a useful tool for determining actual fuel saved during a daily trip and a method to compute carbon emissions saved depending on the type of ICE vehicle. Real driving range has been estimated on the basis of a daily trip consisting of five different segments, acceleration, deceleration, constant speed, ascent and descent, which reproduce the different types of driving. The modelling has been developed for urban routes since they are the most common and the most polluted environment where the use of electric vehicles is applied. The effects of types of driving have been taken into account for the calculation of the driving range by considering three main types of driving: aggressive, normal and moderate. The types of vehicle in terms of shape and size as well as dynamic conditions and the types of roads have also been considered for the determination of the driving range. Specific software has been developed to predict electric vehicle range under real driving conditions as a function of the characteristic parameters of a daily trip.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real Driving Range in Electric Vehicles: Influence on Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emissions

Armenta-Déu

Cattin

2021

WEVJ

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“…To connect these numbers to other sources of GHGs, we converted these emissions intensities to distances one would have to drive a typical 2021 model gas-fueled passenger car to produce the same emissions, based on a full life-cycle analysis of auto emissions [36] (Fig 6B and 6C). One kg of beef, for example, has the same emissions impact as driving 1,172 km in a typical US car (or 339 miles per pound).…”

Section: Plos Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…While it is beyond the scope of this work to model these uses explicitly, production (B) or per unit protein (C) basis. For (B) and (C) we also convert the values to driving equivalents using a value of 0.254 kg CO 2 eq per km driven of an internal combustion engine fueled sedan in the United States from life cycle analyses described in [36]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000010.g006 Primary production data aggregated from FAOSTAT for 2019.…”

Section: Sensitivity To Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid global phaseout of animal agriculture has the potential to stabilize greenhouse gas levels for 30 years and offset 68 percent of CO2 emissions this century

Eisen

Brown

2022

PLOS Clim

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Animal agriculture contributes significantly to global warming through ongoing emissions of the potent greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide, and displacement of biomass carbon on the land used to support livestock. However, because estimates of the magnitude of the effect of ending animal agriculture often focus on only one factor, the full potential benefit of a more radical change remains underappreciated. Here we quantify the full “climate opportunity cost” of current global livestock production, by modeling the combined, long-term effects of emission reductions and biomass recovery that would be unlocked by a phaseout of animal agriculture. We show that, even in the absence of any other emission reductions, persistent drops in atmospheric methane and nitrous oxide levels, and slower carbon dioxide accumulation, following a phaseout of livestock production would, through the end of the century, have the same cumulative effect on the warming potential of the atmosphere as a 25 gigaton per year reduction in anthropogenic CO2 emissions, providing half of the net emission reductions necessary to limit warming to 2°C. The magnitude and rapidity of these potential effects should place the reduction or elimination of animal agriculture at the forefront of strategies for averting disastrous climate change.

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“…Taking all this into account, a valuable functional unit (FU) is needed for a proper comparison between LCA. Nowadays, most LCA use one-driven (1) km as a functional unit [52]. With this unit, it is possible to compare different EVs and ICEVs including the use and retirement phases.…”

Section: Life-cycle Analysis (Lca) Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

End of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Reuse vs. Recycle

Kotak

Fernández²,

Casals

et al. 2021

Energies

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It is a fact that electric vehicles (EVs) are beneficial for climate protection. However, the current challenge is to decide on whether to reuse an EV battery or to recycle it after its first use. This paper theoretically investigates these areas i.e., recycle and reuse. It was found that there are several commercially used recycling processes and also some are under research to regain maximum possible materials and quantity. The concept of reusing (second life) of the battery is promising because, at the end of the first life, batteries from EVs can be used in several applications such as storing energy generated from renewable sources to support the government grid. However, the cost and life-cycle analysis (LCA) demonstrated that there are several aspects involved in battery reuse applications. Henceforth, one LCA generalised method cannot provide an optimal approach for all cases. It is important to have a detailed study on each of the battery reusing applications. Until then, it is safe to say that reusing the battery is a good option as it would give some time to recycling companies to develop cost and energy-efficient methods.

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Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles in comparison to combustion engine vehicles: A review

Cited by 103 publications

References 26 publications

Real Driving Range in Electric Vehicles: Influence on Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emissions

Real Driving Range in Electric Vehicles: Influence on Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emissions

Rapid global phaseout of animal agriculture has the potential to stabilize greenhouse gas levels for 30 years and offset 68 percent of CO2 emissions this century

End of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Reuse vs. Recycle

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