Levels of filamentous fungi  and selected mycotoxins in leafy and fruit vegetables and analysis of their potential health risk for consumers

Kłapeć, Teresa; Wójcik-Fatla, Angelina; Farian, Ewelina; Kowalczyk, Katarzyna; Cholewa, Grażyna; Cholewa, Alicja; Dutkiewicz, Jacek

doi:10.26444/aaem/143031

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(165 reference statements)

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“…Although the levels of the total aflatoxins recorded in this study can be generally classified as moderate, in 8 samples of lettuce and spinach the maximal allowable concentration of 4.0 µg kg -1 , proposed by the European Union (EU) [20] for dried fruits, was exceeded. The prevalence of very hazardous aflatoxin B1 was high in leafy vegetables (58.9%), but in this case a maximal concentration proposed by the EU (2.0 µg kg -1 ) was not exceeded [6]. The prevalence of the trichothecene toxin DON in leafy and fruit vegetables, as well as in strawberries, was low or none.…”

Section: Berry Fruits (Strawberry + Raspberry) N=78mentioning

confidence: 67%

“…In contrast, both the average prevalence and concentration of this mycotoxin in berry fruits was relatively high, and significantly greater compared to leafy and fruit vegetables. However, these results were due to a high prevalence and concentration of DON in raspberry fruits (58.5% and <LOD-1060.0 µg kg -1 , respectively), while in strawberry fruits this mycotoxin was not detected [7].…”

Section: Berry Fruits (Strawberry + Raspberry) N=158mentioning

confidence: 83%

“…2). The vast majority of identified species (59 out of 67; 88.1%) has already been described as potentially pathogenic [5,6,7]. Of these 59 species, 17 have been described as producers of mycotoxins that may cause a disorder described as 'mycotoxicosis', 13 as causative agents of infections, mostly opportunistic mycoses, 9 as causing mycotoxicoses and infection, 7 as causing mycotoxicoses and allergy, 6 as causing mycotoxicoses, infection and allergy, 5 as causing allergy only, and 2 as causing infection and allergy.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The exact description of the samples and methods used has been published in earlier publications [5,6,7]. Briefly, a total of 418 samples of the fresh, symptomless vegetables and fruits were collected during 6 years (2015-2020) on farms located in the Lublin Province of eastern Poland.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This could be due mostly to mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by many species of fungi, less often to allergic reactions or opportunistic infections [3,4]. Considering these facts, a multiyear study was performed between 2015-2020 on the levels and diversity of filamentous fungi, and the levels of selected mycotoxins in various kinds of vegetables and fruits, consecutively: root (carrot and red beetroot) [5], leafy (lettuce and spinach) and fruit (tomato and red pepper) vegetables [6], and berry fruits (strawberry and raspberry) [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycobiota and mycotoxins in various kinds of vegetables and fruits as potential health risk factors for consumers – summary of a multiyear study

Kłapeć¹,

Wójcik-Fatla²,

Farian³

et al. 2022

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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Between 2015-2020, the concentrations and diversity of filamentous fungi as well as the levels of mycotoxins in 4 classes of vegetables and fruits were studied in samples from farms located in eastern Poland. The short communication summarizes the results with the use of statistical analysis and indicates the potential health hazards associated with the consumption of the produce contaminated with fungi and/or mycotoxins. The concentrations of filamentous fungi in all examined samples were moderate (2.813 -4.146 log 10 CFU g -1 ). The highest values were noted in root vegetables, whereas the lowest values in fruit vegetables. The mycobiota revealed a marked biodiversity (67 species and 33 genera). Penicillium and Fusarium prevailed in the mycobiota of root vegetables, whereas Cladosporium and Alternaria in the remaining classes. Most of identified species (88.1%) were described as potentially pathogenic. The importance of mycotoxins as a potential health risk factor for vegetable consumers, was confirmed by the detection of a high prevalence (>55%) of total aflatoxin (AFT). The level of AFT in berry fruits was significantly higher than in other classes. The high prevalence (58.5%) of deoxynivalenol was noted in raspberries. Conclusion. Filamentous fungi present in the examined vegetables and fruits may pose a potential health risk for consumers due to a high prevalence of potentially pathogenic species, mostly those producing mycotoxins.

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Section: Berry Fruits (Strawberry + Raspberry) N=78mentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Berry Fruits (Strawberry + Raspberry) N=158mentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycobiota and mycotoxins in various kinds of vegetables and fruits as potential health risk factors for consumers – summary of a multiyear study

Kłapeć¹,

Wójcik-Fatla²,

Farian³

et al. 2022

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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Determination of Mold Diversity of Some Fruits Sold in Eastern Turkey

Ghimire

Erdoğan

Baran

et al. 2022

Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi

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Fungi that contaminate the fruits at stages such as ripening, harvesting, storage, transportation may cause deterioration and economic losses, and even some strains can produce mycotoxins known to be harmful to health. In this respect, it was examined that the mold diversity of some fruits sold in eastern Turkey. A total of 113 different fruits, both non-moldy and moldy, were collected and 395 strains were isolated and identified using classical methods from different parts of the fruits (surfaces, core cavities and rotten parts). It was found the 11 different genera of fungi including Penicillium spp. (34.43%), Cladosporium spp. (22.53%), Rhizopus spp. (21.01%), Alternaria spp. (8.10%), Botrytis spp. (7.34%), Aspergillus spp. (2.27%), Byssochlamys spp. (1.52%), Acremonium spp. (0.76%), Fusarium spp. (0.76%), Colletotrichum spp. (0.76%), and Geotrichum spp. (0.51%) in the analysed strawberry, grape, apple, cherry, pear, plum, pomegranate, apricot, peach, orange, tangerine, and quince fruits. It is noteworthy that the fungi known to produce mycotoxins such as Penicillium expansum and Penicillium italicum are among the fungi isolated within the scope of the study.

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Mycobiota of berry fruits – levels of filamentous fungi and mycotoxins, composition of fungi, and analysis of potential health risk for consumers

Kłapeć¹,

Wójcik-Fatla²,

Farian³

et al. 2022

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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Introduction and Objective.The aim of the study was to determine the presence, concentration and generic composition of filamentous fungi. Selected mycotoxins were also determined: total aflatoxins and deoxynivalenol. Materials and method. In 2017-2018, 40 samples of strawberry fruits and 40 samples of red raspberry fruits were collected. In 2019-2020, 37 samples of fresh strawberry fruits and 41 samples of fresh red raspberry fruits were collected on conventional farms located in eastern Poland and were subjected to mycological examination. The concentration and species composition of filamentous fungi were determined by the method of plate dilutions on malt agar. The isolated strains were identified using macroscopic and microscopic methods. Samples were also analysed for the presence of aflatoxin B1, total aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol using ELISA tests. Results. The median concentrations of fungi were moderate or low: 3.079 and 3.491 log 10 CFU g -1 for strawberries and raspberries, respectively. Fungi of the genus Cladosporium prevailed in the mycobiota of berry fruits, accounting for 84.3% of total isolates in raspberries and 34.8% in strawberries. The occurrence of total aflatoxins was detected in the majority of tested samples (73.2% in raspberries and 70.3% in strawberries) but never exceeded the level of 4.0 µg kg -1 assumed as safe. Deoxynivalenol has been detected only in raspberries with the prevalence of 58.5%. Its median concentration was 242.0 µg kg -1 and in 7 out of 41 samples (17.0%) exceeded the level of 750.0 µg kg -1 , assumed as safe. Conclusions. Filamentous fungi and mycotoxins occurred in the examined berries at levels that mostly do not represent a health risk for immunocompetent people, but might pose such risk for immuno-compromised and/or atopic consumers.

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Levels of filamentous fungi and selected mycotoxins in leafy and fruit vegetables and analysis of their potential health risk for consumers

Abstract: Levels of filamentous fungi and selected mycotoxins in leafy and fruit vegetables and analysis of their potential health risk for consumers. Ann Agric Environ Med.

Cited by 4 publications

References 75 publications

Mycobiota and mycotoxins in various kinds of vegetables and fruits as potential health risk factors for consumers – summary of a multiyear study

Mycobiota and mycotoxins in various kinds of vegetables and fruits as potential health risk factors for consumers – summary of a multiyear study

Determination of Mold Diversity of Some Fruits Sold in Eastern Turkey

Mycobiota of berry fruits – levels of filamentous fungi and mycotoxins, composition of fungi, and analysis of potential health risk for consumers

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