Levels, isomer profiles and chiral signatures of particle-bound hexabromocyclododecanes in ambient air around Shanghai, China

Concentrations in air of organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphate flame retardants in Toronto, Canada

“…HBCDD has estimated half-lives of 3 days in air and 2e25 days in water, which makes it susceptible to long-range transport (Covaci et al, 2006). Evidence of the long-range transport of HBCDD comes from its detection in air from regions that are far removed from sources including in Europe (Remberger et al, 2004), Asia (Hu et al, 2011;Li et al, 2012) and the Arctic (de Wit et al, 2010;Xiao et al, 2012). Lee et al (2010) also report close to 100% detection of HBCDD at global sites under the GAPS network.…”

Review of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) with a focus on legislation and recent publications concerning toxicokinetics and -dynamics

“…Zhang et al (2013a) suggested using the ratio of g-to a-HBCD in abiotic samples to detect recent contaminations with HBCD in the environment, because of the decreasing percentage of g-HBCD with time. Other abiotic matrices such as soil (Li et al, 2011), air (Li et al, 2012) and water (Harrad et al, 2009a) show a similar composition to sediment, with g-HBCD being the dominant diastereomer, although mostly in a decreased portion compared with tHBCD. However, some studies found a-HBCD to be the dominant diastereomer in abiotic matrices (Li et al, 2012;Meng et al, 2012).…”

“…Other abiotic matrices such as soil (Li et al, 2011), air (Li et al, 2012) and water (Harrad et al, 2009a) show a similar composition to sediment, with g-HBCD being the dominant diastereomer, although mostly in a decreased portion compared with tHBCD. However, some studies found a-HBCD to be the dominant diastereomer in abiotic matrices (Li et al, 2012;Meng et al, 2012). Law et al (2014) have recently summarized several publications concerning the time trends of environmental HBCD concentrations.…”

“…Two other diastereomers (d and ε) are also found in tHBCD, but in much lower concentrations (Arsenault et al, 2007;Heeb et al, 2005). Even though d-HBCD has also been found in abiotic (Li et al, 2012) and biotic matrices (Janak et al, 2005(Janak et al, , 2008Harrad et al, 2009a) most research has been conducted on a-, band g-HBCD so far.…”

“…Each of them represents a pair of two enantiomers: the (À)-and the (þ)-enantiomer. The ratio between these two enantiomers, the enantiomeric fraction (EF), gained attention recently (Li et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2013a). Janak et al (2005) were the first to report enantiomeric selection in marine fish in 2005.…”