Concentrations in air of organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphate flame retardants in Toronto, Canada

Shoeib, Mahiba; Ahrens, Lutz; Jantunen, Liisa M.; Harner, Tom

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.040

Cited by 110 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(82 reference statements)

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“…Pearson's correlation analysis was used to measure the relationships among different compound concentrations and provide useful information on compound sources (Bergh et al 2011;He et al 2015;Shoeib et al 2014). Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used tool in environmental science, because it not only reduces the number of variables, but in general, each factor extracted from PCA is associated with a source characterized by its most representative chemicals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

Zhou

Hiltscher

Gruber

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

118

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The concentrations of 9 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in 56 indoor and 9 outdoor air samples in the Rhine/Main area in Germany. The indoor samples were collected from seven different indoor microenvironments including private cars, private homes, floor/carpet stores, building material markets, schools, offices, and day care centers, while outdoor samples were simultaneously collected close to the indoor sampling locations. The total OPFR concentrations (∑OPFRs) in indoor air ranged from 3.30 to 751.0 ng/m with a median of 40.23 ng/m, which was approximately eight times higher than those in outdoor air (median 5.38 ng/m), indicating that sources of OPFRs predominate in the indoor environment. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(isobutyl)phosphate (TiBP), and tributyl phosphate (TnBP) were the dominating compounds both in indoor and outdoor air. The median concentration of ∑OPFRs in private cars (180.3 ng/m) was significantly higher than that in private homes (12.51 ng/m), schools (36.23 ng/m), day care centers (31.80 ng/m), and building material markets (31.17 ng/m) (p < 0.05). Distribution profiles of OPFRs varied among different indoor microenvironments, which are evidenced by dominating indoor air concentrations of non-Cl-OPFRs in day care centers, floor/carpet stores, schools, and of Cl-OPFRs in other indoor microenvironments. Multivariate analyses revealed three distinct groups for OPFRs, i.e., TiBP/TnBP, TEP/TCEP/TDCPP, and TCPP, whose concentrations were closely associated with the distribution profiles and pollution characteristics of materials predominating in different indoor microenvironments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Significant positive correlations among OPFRs would suggest a common source and/or similar environmental fate pathways (Shoeib et al 2014). Table 3 summarizes the results of Pearson's correlation between individual OPFRs concentration in indoor air (n = 56).…”

Section: Correlation Between Opfrs In Indoor Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

Zhou

Hiltscher

Gruber

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

118

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Additionally, OPEs can be classified as semi-volatile compounds with Henry's law constant values ranged from 2.92 Â 10 À10 to 1.98 Â 10 À8 atm m 3 mol À1 (Wensing et al, 2005). Although the atmospheric half-lives of OPEs are below 2 days (from <1 to 21.3 h), their occurrence in precipitation in the North Sea atmosphere and Arctic, indicates that they can undergo long range atmospheric transport (LRAT) (M€ oller et al, 2012;Shoeib et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, distribution and seasonal variation of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in urban surface water in Beijing, China

Shi

Gao

et al. 2016

Environmental Pollution

261

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a b s t r a c tThe occurrence, spatial distribution and seasonal variation of 14 organophosphate esters (OPEs) were investigated in urban surface water (river and lake water) from July 2013 to June 2014 in Beijing, China. Sewage influent and effluent samples, as well as rainwater and road runoff samples were also analyzed as the potential sources of OPEs in surface water. Tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the most abundant OPEs with the average concentrations of 291 ng L À1 and 219 ng L À1 , respectively. Relatively high concentrations of OPEs were detected in rivers located at southern and eastern urban of Beijing, which was probably attributed to the treated and untreated sewage discharge. Besides, higher levels of OPEs were observed in urban surface water in the summer, and the wet deposition (rainfall) was confirmed to be an important factor for this observation. Risk assessment showed low or medium risk of OPEs for the organisms (algae, crustacean and fish).

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“…In addition to PAHs, recent studies have demonstrated that many organic flame retardant (OFR) compounds are also ubiquitous in ambient urban air, and that one particular class, the organophosphate esters (OPEs), are present at unexpectedly high levels in urban ambient air (Salamova et al 2014;Shoeib et al 2014). Furthermore, some currently used chlorinated OPEs are expected to be present predominantly in the gaseous phase (Brommer et al 2014;Salamova et al 2014;Peverly et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor‐mediated activity of gas‐phase ambient air derived from passive sampling and an in vitro bioassay

McDonough

Franks

Hahn

et al. 2019

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The gaseous fraction of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in ambient air appears to be responsible for a significant portion of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)‐mediated activity, but the majority of compounds contributing to this activity remain unidentified. The present study investigated the use of polyethylene passive samplers to isolate gaseous HOCs from ambient air for use in in vitro bioassays and to improve our understanding of the toxicological relevance of the gaseous fraction of ambient air in urban and residential environments. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organic flame retardants were measured in polyethylene passive sampler extracts. Extracts were also analyzed using an in vitro bioassay to measure AhR‐mediated activity. Bioassay‐derived benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) equivalents (BaP‐Eqbio), a measure of potency of HOC mixtures, were greatest in the downtown Cleveland area and lowest at rural/residential sites further from the city center. The BaP‐Eqbio was weakly correlated with concentrations of 2‐ring alkyl/substituted PAHs and one organophosphate flame retardant, ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate. Potency predicted based on literature‐derived induction equivalency factors (IEFs) explained only 2 to 23% of the AhR‐mediated potency observed in bioassay experiments. Our results suggests that health risks of gaseous ambient air pollution predicted using data from targeted chemical analysis may underestimate risks of exposure, most likely due to augmentation of potency by unmonitored chemicals in the mixture, and the lack of relevant IEFs for many targeted analytes. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:748–759. © 2019 SETAC

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Concentrations in air of organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphate flame retardants in Toronto, Canada

Cited by 110 publications

References 57 publications

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

Occurrence, distribution and seasonal variation of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in urban surface water in Beijing, China

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor‐mediated activity of gas‐phase ambient air derived from passive sampling and an in vitro bioassay

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