Lethal interference competition in the whitefly parasitoids Eretmocerus eremicus and Encarsia sophia

Collier, Timothy R.; Hunter, Martha S.

doi:10.1007/s004420100706

Cited by 49 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…As heteronomus autoparasitoids, both E. formosa and E. sophia show high preference for the tobacco whitefly B. tabaci on various host plants, including tomato, eggplant, and poinsettia354041. Previous studies show high competition between these two parasitoids42 or with other Encarsia species that share the same whitefly hosts4344. Although the joint release of multiple whitefly parasitoids could improve the suppression of whiteflies, this has not always been observed (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed release of two parasitoids and a polyphagous ladybird as a potential strategy to control the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci

Tan

Zhang

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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A mixed species release of parasitoids is used to suppress outbreaks of tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); however, this biocontrol may be inhibited by interspecific interactions. We investigated the effects of mixed releases of natural enemies of B. tabaci on predation rates, parasite performance and adult parasitoid emergence under greenhouse conditions. We tested the polyphagous predatory ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and two whitefly-specific parasitoids, namely Encarsia formosa and Encarsia sophia (both, Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Harmonia axyridis exhibited the lowest rates of predation when released with each parasitoid than with both parasitoid species together and showed a significant preference for non-parasitized nymphs as prey. Both E. formosa and E. sophia parasitized more B. tabaci when released with the ladybird than when the wasps were released either alone or mixed with the other parasitoid. We also found that the presence of H. axyridis significantly reduced adult parasitoid emergence; the highest rate of adult emergence was obtained with parasitoids released alone. Our results indicate that different combinations of natural enemies can influence observed rates of predation, parasitism, and parasitoid emergence. Therefore, the combination of natural enemies to be used for a particular biological control program should depend on the specific objectives.

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confidence: 99%

Mixed release of two parasitoids and a polyphagous ladybird as a potential strategy to control the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci

Tan

Zhang

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…The outcome of the competition between different parasitoid species sharing the same host is known to be affected by several factors (McBrein and Mackauer 1990;de Moraes et al 1999;Collier and Hunter 2001;Collier et al 2002;Pérez-Lachaud et al 2002;de Moraes and Mescher 2005;Yamamoto et al 2007). Of these, development time of the parasitoids from egg to adult stage, oviposition order between parasitoid species, development stage of the host when it is parasitized, and larval morphology of the different competitors are of importance (McBrein and Mackauer 1990;de Moraes et al 1999;de Moraes and Mescher 2005;Yamamoto et al 2007).…”

Section: Physiological Host Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the competitive ability should be considered when selecting a biological control agent (de Moraes et al 1999). The outcome of the competition depends on several factors and different mechanisms have evolved in competitors within multi-parasitized hosts (Fisher 1961;Vinson and Iwantsch 1980;Collier and Hunter 2001;de Moraes and Mescher 2005;Yamamoto et al 2007). Mechanisms involve physical attack and physiological suppression of the less competitive species (Fisher 1961;Vinson and Iwantsch 1980;McBrein and Mackauer 1990;de Moraes et al 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing non-target effects and host feeding of the exotic parasitoid Apanteles taragamae, a potential biological control agent of the cowpea pod borer Maruca vitrata

et al. 2011

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Apanteles taragamae Viereck is a larval parasitoid introduced in Benin for classical biological control of the cowpea pod borer Maruca vitrata Fabricius. In the laboratory, we evaluated the effects of A. taragamae on non-target herbivore species, and on another parasitoid of M. vitrata, i.e. the egg-larval parasitoid Phanerotoma leucobasis Kriechbaumer. Furthermore, we addressed the host feeding behaviour of A. taragamae. The host specificity of A. taragamae was assessed by offering six other lepidopteran species to the wasp. The competitive ability of A. taragamae was studied by providing the wasp with one-and twodays-old M. vitrata larvae that had hatched from eggs previously parasitized by P. leucobasis. Controls consisted of eggs and larvae offered only to P. leucobasis and A. taragamae, respectively. None of the other six lepidopteran species was successfully parasitized by A. taragamae. The larval parasitoid A. taragamae outcompeted the egg-larval parasitoid P. leucobasis when offered two-days-old host larvae. Competition between the two parasitoid species did not significantly affect one-day-old host larvae that were less suitable to A. taragamae. Host feeding by A. taragamae did not affect survival of one-day-old or two-days-old M. vitrata larvae. However, the percentage parasitism of two-days-old larvae was significantly reduced when exposed to female A. taragamae wasps that had been starved during 48 h. The data are discussed with regard to host specificity, host feeding patterns and to factors underlying the outcome of intrinsic competition between parasitoid species.

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“…Adult parasitoids also have needs beyond the realm of oviposition sites (Shaw 2006a), that may lead to interactions between species. Lethal inter-speciWc interference competition has been observed in parasitoids whereby, hosts parasitized by one species are used for host feeding and killed by another (Collier and Hunter 2001;Collier et al 2002). Indirect relationships between species in the form of apparent competition (Bonsall and Hassell 1998;Holt 1977;Hudson and Greenman 1998) may also have signiWcant consequences for the structure and persistence of parasitoid communities (van Nouhuys and Hanski 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Community structure in ichneumonid parasitoids at different spatial scales

et al. 2008

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The processes underlying parasitoid community structure are little known. Stochastic niche-apportionment models provide one route to underlying assemblage rules in this and other groups. Previous work has applied this approach to parasitoids found on single host species in single populations. However, parasitoid communities are known to extend across multiple hosts and scales. The patterns of relative abundances generated by five niche-apportionment models were compared to those observed in assemblages of two sub-families of the Ichneumonidae, the Diplazontinae and Pimplinae, at landscape and patch scales, Yorkshire, UK. Three of the five models produced patterns that were significantly different to the observed pattern for all taxonomic levels at both spatial scales. The Diplazontinae fit the random fraction (RF) model at the landscape scale in broadleaved woods. This suggests that hierarchical structuring and biotic interactions may play a role in the structuring of Diplazontinae assemblages at this scale. In contrast the Pimplinae fit the RF model only at the patch scale and only at one site. However, the Pimplini tribe (all chiefly parasitoids of Lepidoptera) fit the random assortment (RA) model at both the landscape and the patch scales, whilst the Ephialtini tribe (wide range of hosts) fit no model at either scale. The ecological interpretation of the RA model suggests that the Pimplini tribe is an unsaturated assemblage, where some of the total available resources are unused. Our results show, through the fit of mechanistic niche-apportionment models, that the processes that may structure ichneumonid parasitoid assemblages are not consistent across taxa and spatial scales.

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Lethal interference competition in the whitefly parasitoids Eretmocerus eremicus and Encarsia sophia

Cited by 49 publications

References 27 publications

Mixed release of two parasitoids and a polyphagous ladybird as a potential strategy to control the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci

Mixed release of two parasitoids and a polyphagous ladybird as a potential strategy to control the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci

Assessing non-target effects and host feeding of the exotic parasitoid Apanteles taragamae, a potential biological control agent of the cowpea pod borer Maruca vitrata

Community structure in ichneumonid parasitoids at different spatial scales

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