IB consisting of CMV, HSV-1, B. burgdorferi, C. pneumoniae and H. pylori is associated with AD. This study supports the role of infection/inflammation in the etiopathogenesis of AD.

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BACKGROUND Recent work has shown that two codling moth (Cydia pomonella) glutathione S‐transferase genes (GSTs), CpGSTd1 and CpGSTd3, can metabolize λ‐cyhalothrin, one of the recommended insecticides for C. pomonella control worldwide. However, systematical characterization of delta and epsilon GSTs, especially their potential contributions in the metabolism of λ‐cyhalothrin, is currently still lacking in C. pomonella. RESULTS In this study, a total of nine cDNA sequences were identified in C. pomonella, including four in the delta and five in the epsilon subclasses. RT‐qPCR showed that seven GSTs were ubiquitously expressed at all developmental stages, and CpGSTe2, CpGSTe3, and CpGSTe4 were mainly expressed in larvae. The mRNA levels of CpGSTd2, CpGSTd4, and CpGSTe5 were significantly higher in male than in female adults. Tissue‐specific expression analysis revealed that the CpGSTe2, CpGSTe3, and CpGSTe4 were highly expressed in the midgut while CpGSTd2 and CpGSTd4 were predominantly expressed in the Malpighian tubules. The transcripts of these GSTs (except CpGSTe1) were co‐expressed following exposure to LD10 of λ‐cyhalothrin for 3 h. Recombinant CpGSTd4, CpGSTe2, and CpGSTe3 proteins expressed in Escherichia coli displayed glutathione‐conjugating activity toward 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene. In addition, λ‐cyhalothrin could inhibit the activity of recombinant CpGSTd4, CpGSTe2, and CpGSTe3 enzymes, but only recombinant CpGSTe3 showed λ‐cyhalothrin metabolic capacity, with 21.88 ± 1.09% of parental compound being depleted within 1 h. CONCLUSION These data show that CpGSTe3 is a third GST gene, encoding an enzyme that metabolizes λ‐cyhalothrin in C. pomonella. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

A password authentication scheme using smart card is called two-factor authentication scheme. Two-factor authentication scheme is the most accepted and commonly used mechanism that provides the authorized users a secure and efficient method for accessing resources over insecure communication channel. Up to now, various two-factor user authentication schemes have been proposed. However, most of them are vulnerable to smart card loss attack, offline password guessing attack, impersonation attack, and so on. In this paper, we design a password remote user authentication with key agreement scheme using elliptic curve cryptosystem. Security analysis shows that the proposed scheme has high level of security. Moreover, the proposed scheme is more practical and secure in contrast to some related schemes.