Leptin beyond body weight regulation—Current concepts concerning its role in immune function and inflammation

Salivary leptin levels in normal weight and overweight individuals and their correlation with orthodontic tooth movement

“…3,4 These observations were reflected in the results of this study. A significant increase of salivary leptin concentration 1 hour after force application was seen at T 1 , demon- strating leptin as an inflammatory marker, 16 and at T 2 , the leptin level decreased. Tuncer et al 5 also showed that cytokine levels fluctuated with a 30-day cycle when continuous orthodontic force was applied.…”

“…[7][8][9][10][11][12]16 This study sought to assess the concentration differences of leptin in saliva between normal weight and overweight individuals and its correlation with orthodontic tooth movement. An association was found in this study between salivary leptin levels, BMI, and orthodontic tooth movement.…”

“…As a cytokine, it plays a key role in bone remodeling, resorption, and new bone formation. 16 Leptin controls bone metabolism by two different regulatory pathways: a direct stimulatory effect by osteoblastic cell growth and prolonging the life span of human primary osteoblasts, and an indirect suppressive effect through the hypothalamus. [17][18][19][20] Leptin shares structural and functional similarities with long-chain helical cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and granulocyte stimulating factor, and it also modulates cytokine production from monocytes.…”

Diagnostic Value of Acute Phase Proteins in Periodontal, Psychosomatic and Cardiometabolic Diseases: Response to Treatment

“…Its dual characteristics as a hormone and a cytokine provide a link between neuroendocrine and immune systems. It plays an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory conditions such as diabetes (Lago et al 2008;Soory 2010a) and rheumatoid arthritis (Otero et al 2006;Soory 2010b). Metabolic syndrome is diagnosed in individuals with a risk of cardiovascular disease, comprising a cluster of abdominal obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, hyper-insulinaemia and dyslipidaemia (Eckel et al 2005).…”

Perinatal Immune Activation and Risk of Autism

“…Locally released leptin from T lymphocytes doesn't seem to play a major role in immunoregulation in mouse models of intestinal inflammation, suggesting other sources of leptin as critical in modulation of the inflammatory response (Fantuzzi et al, 2005). Despite evidence supporting the role of leptin in immune processes (Lago et al, 2008;Matarese et al, 2005), its precise role in inflammation remains incompletely understood.…”