Leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin responses to endurance exercise in different ambient conditions

Abstract

Excessive positive energy balance is a major factor leading to obesity. The ability to alter the appetite-regulating hormones leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin may help decrease excessive energy intake. Exercise and exposure to extreme temperatures can independently affect these appetiteregulating hormones. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of exercising in different environmental conditions on the circulating concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin. METHODS: Eleven recreationally-trained male participants completed 3 separate 1 h cycling bouts at 60% W max in hot, cold, and room temperature conditions (33 C, 7 C, 20 C), followed by a 3 h recovery at room temperature. Blood was drawn pre-exercise, post-exercise, and 3 h post-exercise. Hematocrit and hemoglobin were measured to account for change in plasma volume. RESULTS: Leptin concentrations were lower at post and 3 h post-exercise compared with pre-exercise, with and without correction for plasma volume shifts, regardless of temperature (p < 0.05). Adiponectin was higher post-exercise compared with pre-exercise (p D 0.021) but not 3 h post-exercise (p D 0.084) without correction for plasma volume shifts. However, adiponectin concentrations were not different at any time point when plasma volume shifts were accounted for (p > 0.05). Total ghrelin and acylated ghrelin concentrations were not affected at post and 3 h post-exercise compared with pre-exercise, with and without correcting for plasma volume shifts, regardless of ambient temperature (p > 0.05). No differences in leptin, adiponectin, or ghrelin were found between trials (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Temperature does not affect the circulating concentrations of appetiteregulating hormones during an acute bout of endurance exercise.

Ghrelin mediates exercise endurance and the feeding response post-exercise

“…The effect of exercise on plasma ghrelin has previously been investigated mostly in humans using exercise regimens such as treadmill running, cycling, and rowing, and also in a few rodent studies and in some other animal models. While many of these clinical studies and some preclinical studies demonstrated lower plasma ghrelin following exercise [36] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [69] , [70] , higher plasma ghrelin also has been observed [37] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [71] , [72] , [73] , as has unchanged plasma ghrelin [47] , [48] , [74] . The wide range of changes to plasma ghrelin could be due to the differences in the type, intensity, and duration of exercise, the metabolic and age profiles of the study subjects, the blood sample processing (which optimally is performed using a specific regimen to preserve bioactive acyl-ghrelin), and the types of ghrelin (e.g.…”

“…The potential role of the ghrelin system in mediating exercise capacity and the effects of exercise on food intake, body weight, and blood glucose are of particular interest given the central role of ghrelin in these processes [1] , [12] . The effect of exercise on plasma ghrelin levels has been investigated in multiple human and rodent studies although the results have been inconsistent, demonstrating either a decrease, increase, or no change [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] . Notwithstanding these discrepant observations on the changes in plasma ghrelin with exercise, the impact of the ghrelin system on performance of exercise, food intake after exercise, and, more broadly, the healthy metabolic outcomes of exercise is not well-established.…”

The effect of environmental temperature on exercise-dependent release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor

“…Additionally, we have previously reported a significant difference in core body temperature during the final 10 min of the trial. 31 Although this study was unable to find statistical significance in plasma BDNF between trials, we did note an increase in plasma BDNF concentrations following exercise in the heat compared with the other temperatures. The non-statistically significant elevation in BDNF concentrations following the exercise bout in the heat may be related to metabolic energy management strategies adopted to compensate for elevated plasma glucose during exercise in the heat, and suggests that neuronal growth and synapse improvement potential was greatest following the H trial.…”

“…The core body temperature data have been previously reported. 31 The food bars consist of 4 g fat, 2 g protein, 29 g carbohydrates, and 9 g of dietary fiber. To ensure dietary intake was not responsible for any variation in dose response, the same bar was ingested for every bout.…”

The effect of aerobic exercise training on leptin and pulmonary function tests during weight loss in men with visceral obesity

“…In the study conducted by Kim et al, serum leptin levels had a significant relationship with FEV1, but not with FVC and FEF 75% and PC20 in all subjects (13). Lack of physical exercise is one of risk factors which resulted in obesity and inflammation status (14). Heiniger et al demonstrated that body mass index (BMI) was used to classify patients in earlier studies.…”