Length of therapy in relation to outcome and change in personal integration.

Cartwright, Desmond S.; Robertson, Richard J.; Fiske, Donald W.; Kirtner, William L.

doi:10.1037/h0040973

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…These investigators found (without the controls present here) a significant, moderately strong correlation (r = .62) between log number of therapy interviews and increase in the client's personal integration as rated by his therapist at termination of therapy. In a later study, Cartwright, Robertson, Fiske, and Kirtner (1961) confirmed the findings of Standal and van der Veen on a different sample of clients, using indices of personal integration based on different therapist rating scales. Although it has obvious limitations, length of therapy does seem a usable basis for discriminating relative change in the two equated client groups.…”

Section: Relationshipsupporting

confidence: 77%

Dimensions of therapist response as causal factors in therapeutic change.

Barrett‐Lennard

1962

Psychological Monographs: General and Applied

745

556

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IN the last two decades a wide variety of significant empirical studies has been devoted to investigating the outcomes of clientcentered therapy and the course or process of the client-therapist interaction (Cartwright, 1957). There is much scope and need for further study of the components of change in personal functioning associated with therapy, and of the orderly characteristics of the therapy process, but continued enquiry is adding to the solid beginning that has been made in these areas. Investigation has advanced to the stage where it is no longer asked whether significant measurable personality changes occur as a concomitant of therapy, or whether there are lawful developments in the therapy process. Concern now is with sorting out the various dimensions and facets of observed change and advancing the methodology of investigating change (Cartwright, Kirtner, & Fiske, 1963) and also with refined inductive

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Section: Relationshipsupporting

confidence: 77%

Dimensions of therapist response as causal factors in therapeutic change.

Barrett‐Lennard

1962

Psychological Monographs: General and Applied

745

556

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“…This may be one reason why the literature on the relationship between treatment length (or number of sessions) and improvement is replete with conflicting reports. Among 20 studies of outpatient psychotherapy that we surveyed, 10 found positive relationships between temporal variables and outcome (Bartlett, 1950;CappOn, 1964;Cartwright, Robertson, Fiske, & Kirtner, 1961;Feldman, Lorr, & Russell, 1958;Graham, 1958;Lorr et al, 1958;Myers & Auld, 1955;Standal & van der Veen, 1957;Tolman & Meyer, 1957), whereas 10 found no connection between them (Dorfman, 1958;Frank et al, 1959;Gelder & Marks, 1966;Hain, Butcher, & Stevenson, 1966;Heilbrunn, 1966;Marks & Gelder, 1965;McNair et al, 1964;Pascal & Zax, 1956;Rogers, 1960;Rosenbaum, Friedlander, & Kaplan, 1956). In the latter studies, positive and negative correlations before and after the failure point may have cancelled each other Out.…”

Section: Temporal Variables and Improvementmentioning

confidence: 84%

Dropping out of treatment: A critical review.

Baekeland

Lundwall²

1975

Psychological Bulletin

1,012

554

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After a discussion of methodological issues of the past 20 years, literature on dropping out of treatment was critically reviewed in six areas: hospital treatment of general psychiatric and tubercular patients, outpatient treatment of internal medical conditions, alcoholism, heroin addiction, general psychiatric outpatient psychotherapy, and double-blind drug studies. Fifteen factors were found to predict dropping out in 100%, 83%-88%, and 60%-75% of the relevant studies: (a) social isolation and/or unaffiliation, therapist attitudes and behavior, discrepancies between patient and therapist treatment expectations; (b) passive-aggressive behavior, family attitudes and behavior, motivation, behavioral and/or perceptual dependence, psychological mindedness and/ or -denial, symptom levels and symptom relief, socioeconomic status, sociopathic features, alcoholism and/or drug dependence; (c) age, sex, and social stability.One of the most vexing problems facing the physician, whether he is a surgeon, internist, or psychiatrist, is that far too many of those entrusted to his care, both inpatients and outpatients, drop out of treatment before they have completed it to his satisfaction. Although the question of the dropout has most often engaged the attention of psychiatrists, it also crops up from time to time in papers by internists, for whom there is no reason to believe that it is any less serious a problem. Where studied, the dropout problem has usually been in the context of treating chronic conditions that require prolonged treatment. The extent of this problem can be inferred ^rom the fact that in general psychiatric clinics, 20%-57% of the patients fail to return after the first visit (Blenkner,

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“…The therapist for both the CBT and SC groups (S-Y.T) saw all patients, reviewed their seizure history, and administered a patient questionnaire including patients' self-ratings of seizure control (1, excellent to 5 , poor) and compliance with taking anticonvulsant medication (1, rarely miss to 5 , most of the time miss). He also asked patients to list three main target complaints and their degree of discomfort (TC) for which they would like to receive psychological intervention (see Battle et al, 1966), and to make a global rating of their own psychological adjustment [GRPA(P)I using a 10-point scale (see Cartwright et al, 1961). The therapist used the same 10-point scale ( 1, most extreme maladjustment to 10, optimal adjustment) to make his own global rating of each patient's psychological adjustment [GRPA(T)].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive‐Behavior Therapy with Adult Patients with Epilepsy: A Controlled Outcome Study

Tan

Bruni

1986

Epilepsia

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The present study evaluated the efficacy of group cognitive-behavior therapy for the alleviation of psychosocial problems and reduction of seizures with adult epileptic patients. Twenty-seven outpatients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, Supportive Counseling (attention-placebo control), and Waiting list (no treatment control). The major outcome measures used were: patient's, neurologist's, and therapist's global ratings of psychological adjustment, patient's target complaints and weekly seizure frequency, patient's and neurologist's ratings of seizure control, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Washington Psychosocial Seizure Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory. No significant differences were found among the three groups on these measures except for therapist's global ratings of psychological adjustment, on which both the Cognitive-Behavior Therapy and Supportive Counseling groups improved significantly after therapy, but the Waiting List control group did not. Overall, little support was found for the efficacy of group cognitive behavior therapy (eight 2-h weekly sessions) for the reduction of psychosocial difficulties or seizures. Implications of the present findings are discussed, with the need for further controlled outcome research stressed.

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Length of therapy in relation to outcome and change in personal integration.

Abstract: REFERENCES 1. CARTWRIQHT, D. S. Succesa in psychotherapy aa a function of certain acturial variables.

Cited by 17 publications

References 2 publications

Dimensions of therapist response as causal factors in therapeutic change.

Dimensions of therapist response as causal factors in therapeutic change.

Dropping out of treatment: A critical review.

Cognitive‐Behavior Therapy with Adult Patients with Epilepsy: A Controlled Outcome Study

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