We are also indebted to numerous colleagues for their thoughtful criticisms and encouragement of an earlier draft of this paper, especially

TUDENTS of personality have always been ready to apply new techniques to their complex data. Almost immediately after factorial techniques were developed, they were applied to personality measurements. Factor analysis is an especially appropriate technique for exploratory investigations in a field such as personality measurement, where there is little unanimity in formulations of the principal dimensions.Many factor analyses of personality ratings have been reported in psychological literature -the most vigorous and sustained attack on the problem being that of Cattell (i, 2). No one, however, seems to have compared the primary factors found in sets of personality ratings obtained from different sources. Do analyses of ratings which come from different sources yield comparable factors? Do the factors in selfratings bear any resemblance to the factors in ratings by peers? Are the factors from either of these sources comparable to those found in the ratings of trained clinicians?Of course, one must not assign undue generality to the factors found in any analysis of personality ratings: such studies make explicit the functional unities of the rater's conception of personality. The analyses do not establish the inherent nature of the factors, but rather they may help in delineating the

Studies on intra-individual response variability are classified into and reviewed under the rubrics of (1) variability of organic processes, (2) psychometric aspects, (3) spontaneous (aperiodic) variability, (4) systematic variability, (5) change of response with change in stimulus or situation, and (6) relationships between variability and other variables (such as brain lesions, motivation variables, and personality traits and types). The relationships between variability and neurosis or psychosis (and personality correlates in general) have not been established definitively, but it is suggested that variability may be negatively related to persistence and "character." 233-item bibliography.

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