Leishmaniasis in the Sudan: a literature review with emphasis on clinical aspects

Abstract

SummaryThe literature on the leishmaniases in the Sudan is reviewed with an emphasis on clinical aspects and on literature related to the recent outbreaks in the south and east of the country.The numbers of cases of subclinical infection and post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis in the recent outbreaks are remarkable. New diagnostic techniques have been introduced and evaluated, notably the direct agglutination test and polymerase chain reaction technology.The latter gives very promising results and further research into application of the technique is warranted.Treatment with pentavalent antimony is still satisfactory.The reservoir host has not been identified definitely.

Global Analysis and Optimal Control of a Periodic Visceral Leishmaniasis Model

“…Assuming that all populations are both sources and sinks of leishmania parasites, they estimated R0: the infection persistence threshold condition from the sum of individual terms for transmission in humans and in dogs. However, their model did not include the role of PKDL humans in the disease transmission, who have a major role, as PKDL humans act as a source of infection for vectors [17]. Chaves et al [1] developed a mathematical model for the American cutaneous leishmaniasis.…”

Herbal extract targets in Leishmania tropica

“…Leishmania has two stages in its life cycle amastigote stage in mammalian host and promastigote stage in vector (Osman et al 2000). Natural transmission may be zoonotic or anthroponotic, and it is usually by the bite of a phlebotomine sand fly species (Killick-Kendrick 1990;Ready 2008).…”

Mathematical analysis of the dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis in the Sudan

“…Occasionally, severe epidemics have claimed lives of thousands of people, and in recent years the disease has spread out in wide areas of the country, like Atbara river in the north-east and along the Sudanese-Ethiopian borders, south of Sobat river, Nasir, Malakal, and also extended west across the White Nile up to Nuba mountains and Darfur region [32].…”

“…In our model we consider humans as a source of infection for sandflies and we also consider the role of PKDL in the transmission process. The model is simulated with data from previous studies [18,26,32] carried out on leishmaniasis in the Sudan.…”