Abstract:Resumen El artículo reflexiona sobre la circulación de conocimiento en torno a las plantas de quina. Francisco José de Caldas y Alexander von Humboldt se interesaron por su taxonomía, distribución, comercio, explotación, producción y conservación. Las observaciones del primero fueron mejores, pero sus aportes fueron silenciados por el segundo y por otros actores como José Celestino Mutis. Caldas cambió desde una posición pasiva y de aceptada subalternidad, hasta una de reclamo, pero sus argumentos no tuvieron … Show more
“…"Quina" or "Cascarilla" are the most common names for Cinchona plants whose bark has medicinal properties. Each species has different concentrations of alkaloids [4] and may vary according to locality, altitude, soil type, age of the tree and time of harvest [1,5]. Therefore, the species of the Cinchona genus have been used as an effective medicine against malaria in the 17th century [6] since they possess a component called "quinine" [6].…”
The genus Cinchona belongs to the Rubiaceae family and comprises native Peruvian tree species distributed in tropical areas. It is currently endangered due to human disturbance and overexploitation for medicinal, forestry and food uses. To date, the current and future distribution of Cinchona spp. under the climate change scenario is unknown. Here, we modeled the present and future spatial distribution of the genus Cinchona using bioclimatic, edaphic and topographic variables using the maximum entropy algorithm (MaxEnt). The results indicate that 8.08% (103,547.89 km2) and 6.02% (77,163.81 km2) of the surface of Peru possesses areas with high and moderate distribution probabilities, respectively, to host the genus Cinchona, distributed mainly in the departments of Cusco, Amazonas, San Martín and Cajamarca. Furthermore, according to future climate scenarios, the areas of high suitability will increase their extension for the years 2050 and 2070 by 3.65% and 3.9%, respectively. Since Peru seeks to promote the forest sector to be the other force for its development, this study can be considered as a basis for the establishment of priority zones for the conservation, restoration, reforestation and sustainable management of Cinchona spp. species in Peru.
“…"Quina" or "Cascarilla" are the most common names for Cinchona plants whose bark has medicinal properties. Each species has different concentrations of alkaloids [4] and may vary according to locality, altitude, soil type, age of the tree and time of harvest [1,5]. Therefore, the species of the Cinchona genus have been used as an effective medicine against malaria in the 17th century [6] since they possess a component called "quinine" [6].…”
The genus Cinchona belongs to the Rubiaceae family and comprises native Peruvian tree species distributed in tropical areas. It is currently endangered due to human disturbance and overexploitation for medicinal, forestry and food uses. To date, the current and future distribution of Cinchona spp. under the climate change scenario is unknown. Here, we modeled the present and future spatial distribution of the genus Cinchona using bioclimatic, edaphic and topographic variables using the maximum entropy algorithm (MaxEnt). The results indicate that 8.08% (103,547.89 km2) and 6.02% (77,163.81 km2) of the surface of Peru possesses areas with high and moderate distribution probabilities, respectively, to host the genus Cinchona, distributed mainly in the departments of Cusco, Amazonas, San Martín and Cajamarca. Furthermore, according to future climate scenarios, the areas of high suitability will increase their extension for the years 2050 and 2070 by 3.65% and 3.9%, respectively. Since Peru seeks to promote the forest sector to be the other force for its development, this study can be considered as a basis for the establishment of priority zones for the conservation, restoration, reforestation and sustainable management of Cinchona spp. species in Peru.
“…In 1821 Humboldt stated the lower range was as low as 200 toesas, closer to Caldas' observations, although he reported one species at an altitude of 1500 m [ 59 ]. However, Humboldt never included Caldas’ observations in his essay [ 2 ]. Humboldt & Bonpland Cinchona historical sources (electronic supplementary material, appendix, dataset S4) were used to create a dataset.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Historic documents can help us understand socio-environmental processes over long periods of time [ 1 , 2 ]. However, the use of old maps and archives to investigate plant taxa in tropical regions, such as Cinchona L. (Rubiaceae–Cinchoneae), is limited [ 3 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Bonpland kept field notes and provided herbarium collections [ 48 ] and included information on the genus in various publications [ 49 – 51 ]. Humboldt also published specific articles on the genus [ 41 , 42 ], although they contained several taxonomic mistakes already pointed out at that time by Caldas [ 2 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Open Sci. 10: 230229 published specific articles on the genus [41,42], although they contained several taxonomic mistakes already pointed out at that time by Caldas [2].…”
The
Cinchona
genus is important for humanity due to its ethnobotanical properties, and in particular its ability to prevent and treat malaria. However, there have been historical changes of
Cinchona
distribution in the tropical Andes that remain undocumented. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, several explorers recorded
Cinchona
precise localities in present-day Colombia and Ecuador, countries which harbour about half of the species of the genus, including
C. officinalis
. We compare historical and twentieth-century records to evaluate whether elevational ranges, mean elevation and latitude varied between the two periods. A large expansion of 662.5 m in average elevation for
Cinchona
and 792.5 m in elevational range for
C. officinalis
was found. These findings have implications for the conservation of economically important species and help us understand the impacts of the Anthropocene over time.
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