Leaf flavonoid content in Quercus ilex L. resprouts and its seasonal variation

Abstract

Here, we provide the first report on flavonoid content in holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) leaves, analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. Flavanols and flavonols were the predominant groups, although proanthocyanidins and many soluble tannins had a relevant presence in all leaf samples. Seasonal variation of flavonoids was determined in extracts from Q. ilex leaves during resprouting after a forest fire in two Mediterranean forests. Similar seasonal trends were observed over 2 years during the two main stress seasons (winter and summer). The most abundant flavonoid was the flavanol epicatechin, which showed similar values during the two seasons. Hexosides of the flavonols, quercetin, kaempferol and rhamnetin showed considerably higher content in winter, especially at the lowest temperatures. These variations in both forests are discussed on the basis of the chlorophyll fluorescence results obtained. Anthocyanins were found practically absent in mature leaves. Nutrient or water availability differences between sites or seasons were not related to changes in leaf flavonolhexoside content.

Comparative analysis of total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and flavonoids profile of fruits from two varieties of Brazilian cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) throughout the fruit developmental stages

“…Peaks 5 and 6 were respectively designated quercetin hexoside (MW = 464), comprising quercetin (302) and hexose (162), and quercetin pentoside (MW = 434), comprising quercetin (302) and pentose (132). Both quercetin glycosides have been identified in a wide range of plants, including blackcurrant pomace (Sójka et al, 2009), mango peels (Schieber, Berardini, & Carle, 2003), Agauria salicifolia leaves (Lhuillier et al, 2007), rosa hip flesh (Hvattum, 2002), Q. ilex L. leaves (Brossa et al, 2009), cranberry fruit , pear skins (Lin & Harnly, 2008), cashew apple skin and flesh (Brito et al, 2007;MichodjehounMestres et al, 2009), and strawberry fruit (Simirgiotis et al, 2009). Peak 7 was designated quercetin deoxyhexoside (MW = 448), comprising quercetin (302) and deoxyhexose (146), and the most probable flavonoid glycoside corresponding to peak 7 is quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (or quercitrin), as previously reported by SchmedaHirschmann et al (1987) for leaves of Brazilian cherry.…”

“…Peak 2 was designated myricetin hexoside (MW = 480), comprising myricetin (318) and hexose (162). Myricetin 3-O-hexoside has also been identified in blackcurrant(Sójka et al, 2009), Quercus ilex L. leaves(Brossa, Casals, Pintó-Marijuan, & Fleck, 2009), cashew apple skin and flesh(Brito, Araújo, Lin & Harnly, 2007;Michodjehoun-Mestres et al, 2009), bilberry fruit(Koponen et al, 2008), grapes skin(Sandhu & Gu, 2010), in some Epilobium species (Tóth, Blazics, & Kéry, 2009), and bayberry fruit(Fang, Zhang, & Wang, 2007). Peak 3 was identified as myricetin pentoside (MW = 450), comprising myricetin (318) and pentose (132).…”

Chemotaxonomic Metabolite Profiling of 62 Indigenous Plant Species and Its Correlation with Bioactivities

“…Twenty-four metabolites were considered as significantly different metabolites among the 6 plant families by variable importance in the projection (VIP) > 0.7 and p-value < 0.05 (Table 1). Sixteen metabolites were tentatively identified by comparing mass spectra and retention time of standard compounds or mass to charge ratio, mass fragment patterns, and UV absorbance according to references [32][33][34][35][36]. The identified metabolites were polyols (quinic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid), phenolic compounds (gallic acid and digalloyl-hexoside), and flavonoids and flavonoid derivatives (quercetin, quercetin derivatives, kaempferol, kaempferol derivatives, isorhamnetin, patuletin, catechin, and genistein), which are known secondary metabolic compounds in various plant species [32][33][34][35][36].…”

Effect of supplementation with barley and calcium hydroxide on intake of Mediterranean shrubs by goats

“…Q. ilex contains the monoterpenes α-pinene, β-pinene, sabinene, myrcene and limonene (Staudt et al, 2001). The main polyphenols found are epicatechin, quercetin, kaempferol and rhamnetin (Brossa et al, 2009). The main components of the extract of E. multiflora are the monoterpenes α-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene and Δ 3 -carene (Llusià et al, 2008).…”