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A wide variety of technologies is available for the treatment of contaminated soil in both the vadose zone (originating above the water table) and saturated zone (originating below the water table). Several processes involve immobilizing soil contaminants by physically, chemically or biologically. Among them, a wide range of wastes, both solids and liquids, are being treated by “solidification/stabilization” (S/S). In solidification, by adding binding reagents, physical state of the waste being changed by encapsulating a waste to form a solid material from liquid as well as to restrict contaminant migration to leaching by decreasing the exposed surface area. Whereas stabilization through chemical reactions immobilizes the hazardous materials by reducing them to less soluble or toxic form. Characteristics of different types of reagents/additives of S/S technology both from inorganic and organic origin are presented in this paper. In-situ and ex-situ application of S/S technology and their advantages-disadvantages are discussed with basic approaches. Finally, introducing with internal and external factors influencing the long-term durability of S/S treated materials as well as monitoring & treatment management of it after processing are briefly presented
A wide variety of technologies is available for the treatment of contaminated soil in both the vadose zone (originating above the water table) and saturated zone (originating below the water table). Several processes involve immobilizing soil contaminants by physically, chemically or biologically. Among them, a wide range of wastes, both solids and liquids, are being treated by “solidification/stabilization” (S/S). In solidification, by adding binding reagents, physical state of the waste being changed by encapsulating a waste to form a solid material from liquid as well as to restrict contaminant migration to leaching by decreasing the exposed surface area. Whereas stabilization through chemical reactions immobilizes the hazardous materials by reducing them to less soluble or toxic form. Characteristics of different types of reagents/additives of S/S technology both from inorganic and organic origin are presented in this paper. In-situ and ex-situ application of S/S technology and their advantages-disadvantages are discussed with basic approaches. Finally, introducing with internal and external factors influencing the long-term durability of S/S treated materials as well as monitoring & treatment management of it after processing are briefly presented
This paper presents the application of a single reservoir diffusion test to determine the effective porosity of the soil-cement matrix and the diffusivity of tritium through saturated, monolithic, cement solidified/stabilized wasteforms. Testing was performed on a laboratory mixture of cement paste, sand, and kaolinite. The influence of porosity on the proper interpretation of the diffusion tests was examined. Results of tests on three replicate specimens were consistent and indicate effective porosities of 0.26 to 0.28 and effective diffusive coefficients of 2.5×10-10 m 2 /s to 3.0×10-10 m 2 /s. The effect of curing time is discussed. Products of the effective diffusion coefficients and porosity (n e D e) decreased by 22% from specimens cured for 14 days to specimens cured for 28 days prior to testing while from 70 days to 126 days of curing n e D e only changed by 8%. This suggests that curing should be carried out for greater than 70 days prior to conducting these tests.
Radioactive wastes currently stored in underground tanks on the Hanford Site will be retrieved, treated, and converted to high-level waste (HLW) and low-activity waste (LAW) glass waste forms for disposal. Through the treatment and vitrification processes at the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP), aqueous secondary waste streams will be generated that will be treated and solidified outside the WTP at the Effluent Treatment Facility (ETF). Current baseline plans are to solidify the treated secondary wastes in a cementitious waste form, called Cast Stone, which will be disposed of in the Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF) on the Hanford Site. Washington River Protection Solutions (WRPS) and its contractors at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) are optimizing Cast Stone to develop/refine the cementitious waste form for the wastes treated at the ETF, and to provide the data needed to support the IDF performance assessment (PA). In accordance with DOE Order 435.1 and the associated manual, a radiological PA will be conducted for the LAW glass and solidified secondary wastes (Cast Stone) that will be disposed of in the IDF. This technical approach document is intended to provide guidance to the Cast Stone development program with respect to the waste form characterization and testing information needed to support the IDF PA. At the time of the preparation of this technical approach document, the IDF PA effort is just beginning and the approach to analyze the performance of Cast Stone has not been determined. Therefore, this document examines the approach for evaluating Cast Stone performance and describes the testing needed to provide data to support the approach. There is a large contrast in the physical and chemical properties of the Cast Stone waste form versus the IDF backfill and surrounding sediments. Cast Stone exhibits low permeability, high tortuosity, low carbonate, high pH, and low Eh, whereas the backfill and native sediments have high permeability, low tortuosity, high carbonate, circumneutral pH, and high Eh. These contrasts have important implications for flow, transport, and reactions across the Cast Stone-backfill interface. Over time, with transport across the interface and subsequent reactions, the sharp geochemical contrast will blur and there will be a range of spatially-distributed conditions. In general, the contaminants of concern (COC) mobility and transport will be sensitive to these geochemical variations, which also include physical changes in porosity and permeability from mineral reactions. Therefore, the effectiveness of Cast Stone as a barrier to COC release is expected to evolve over the lifetime of the IDF. The technical approach to determining PA modeling parameters should therefore consider processes, properties, and conditions that alter the physical and chemical controls on COC transport in Cast Stone over time. A key issue is that the understanding of the evolving geochemical conditions controlling Ca...
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