Leaching of CCA-treated wood: implications for waste disposal

Townsend, Timothy G.; Tolaymat, Thabet; Solo‐Gabriele, Helena M.; Dubey, Brajesh; Stook, Kristin; Wadanambi, Lakmini

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.06.025

Cited by 101 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This is consistent with the literature [28,29]. TCLP is conducted at a 20:1 liquid-to-solid ratio and WET is carried out at 10:1 liquid to solid ratio; the TCLP is twice diluted compared to WET and in general higher leachate concentrations are observed at lower liquid-to-solid ratio [28,29]. The greater element concentrations observed in the WET leachates relative to the leachates most likely result, however, from citrate's propensity to chelate Cd.…”

Section: Leaching Tests: Ans 161 Tclp and Wetsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…The WET extracted somewhat higher concentrations of Cd than the TCLP but below WET limit values [8]. This is consistent with the literature [28,29]. TCLP is conducted at a 20:1 liquid-to-solid ratio and WET is carried out at 10:1 liquid to solid ratio; the TCLP is twice diluted compared to WET and in general higher leachate concentrations are observed at lower liquid-to-solid ratio [28,29].…”

Section: Leaching Tests: Ans 161 Tclp and Wetsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…The greater element concentrations observed in the WET leachates relative to the leachates most likely result, however, from citrate's propensity to chelate Cd. Citric acid has multidentate ligands while acetic acid has monodentate ligands, and in general, complexes with monodentate ligands are less stable than those with multidentate ligands [28,29].…”

Section: Leaching Tests: Ans 161 Tclp and Wetmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Immobilization of Cadmium from Contaminated Sediment Using Cardboard Mill Sludge

Prica¹,

Dalmacija²,

Dalmacija³

et al. 2012

Archives of Environmental Protection

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Abstract:Sludge from cardboard mill is most commonly landfi lled, but it could also be recycled on-site into production or reused in some other way. In this study the use of sludge from cardboard mill as stabilizing agent in the stabilization treatment of cadmium polluted sediment was examined. The effectiveness of treatment and long-term leaching behavior of cadmium was evaluated by determining the cumulative percentage of cadmium leached, diffusion coeffi cients (De) and by applying different leaching tests (semi-dynamic test, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, waste extraction test). In order to simulate the "worst case" leaching conditions, the semi-dynamic leaching test was modifi ed using 0.014 M acetic acid (pH = 3.25) and humic acids solution (20 mg l -1 TOC) as leachants instead of deionized water. A diffusion-based model was used to elucidate the controlling leaching mechanisms. Applied treatment was effective in immobilizing cadmium irrespective of high availability in the untreated sample. The controlling leaching mechanism appeared to be diffusion, which indicates that a slow leaching of cadmium could be expected when the cardboard mill sludge as stabilization agent is applied.

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Section: Leaching Tests: Ans 161 Tclp and Wetsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Leaching Tests: Ans 161 Tclp and Wetsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Leaching Tests: Ans 161 Tclp and Wetmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Immobilization of Cadmium from Contaminated Sediment Using Cardboard Mill Sludge

Prica¹,

Dalmacija²,

Dalmacija³

et al. 2012

Archives of Environmental Protection

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“…Das 4 amostras testadas, o valor limite para As foi ultrapassado em 3, caracterizando desta forma o resíduo como perigoso. Townsend et al 19 aplicaram o mesmo teste neste tipo de resíduo e, em 11 das 13 amostras testadas, o limite para As foi ultrapassado.…”

Section: Ensaios De Lixiviação Para Classificação Dos Resíduos (As E Cr)unclassified

Classificação de resíduos de madeira tratada com preservativos à base de arseniato de cobre cromatado e de boro/flúor

Ferrarini¹,

Santos²,

Miranda³

et al. 2012

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 4/1/12; aceito em 6/6/12; publicado na web em 24/8/12 CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE WOOD TREATED WITH CHROMATED COPPER ARSENATE AND BORON/FLUORINE PRESERVATIVES. Classification of waste wood treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) and boron/fluorine preservatives, according to NBR 10004, was investigated. The leaching test (ABNT NBR 10005) for As and Cr, and solubilization test (ABNT NBR 10006) for F, were applied to out-of-service wooden poles. Concentrations of As and Cr in leachates were determined by ICP-MS and of F by ESI. Values for As were higher than 1 mg L -1 classifying the waste as hazardous material (Class I) whereas values for F (> 1.5 mg L -1 ) were non-hazardous but indicated non-inert material (Class IIA).Keywords: wastes; treated wood; preservatives. INTRODUÇÃOA madeira é empregada para diversas funções, por apresentar inú-meras vantagens e opções de utilização. Um dos seus principais usos encontra-se na construção civil, devido ao baixo consumo de energia durante o seu processamento ao ser comparada a outros materiais, como aço, cimento e alumínio.1 A origem biológica deste material, constituído essencialmente por uma matriz relativamente hidrofóbica e de fibras hidrofílicas, o diferencia de outros materiais industriais. Porém, a grande desvantagem associada a este fato é a propensão à deterioração. 2,3 No ambiente terrestre, os fungos, as bactérias e os insetos são os principais agentes biológicos que destroem a madeira. Para atenuar ou até mesmo impedir a biodeterioração utilizam-se principalmente preservantes, que são substâncias químicas tóxicas aos agentes biodeterioradores. Os hidrossolúveis são os mais utilizados para esse fim e são compostos por uma associação de vários sais solúveis em água, em que as substâncias químicas presentes possuem ação inseticida e fungicida. 4 Entre esses preservantes destaca-se o arseniato de cobre cromatado (CCA) utilizado em diversos países gerando, consequentemente, um grande volume de madeira tratada no mundo inteiro.5 O processo de impregnação utilizando este preservante normalmente é feito empregando-se uma autoclave (processo de vácuo-pressão). Após a impregnação, a madeira é posta para secar por um período de 2 semanas, para que as reações de fixação entre o CCA e os componentes da madeira se completem. Essas reações normalmente ocorrem apenas na parte mais externa da madeira, ou seja, no alburno.O processo de tratamento curativo (ou retratamento) é utilizado como alternativa para intervir no processo de biodeterioração em estruturas de madeira tratada com CCA e já instaladas (em serviço). Para tanto, diversos produtos são utilizados, cabendo destacar os preservantes contendo boro e flúor (B/F). A introdução deste tipo de preservante na madeira é baseada no princípio da difusão, onde os fungicidas são liberados diretamente na zona crítica, ou seja, na região em deterioração.1,6 Devido ao princípio de difusão, a impregnação da madeira empregando este tipo de produto ocorre externa e internamente, ou seja, no alburno e no cerne. No Brasil, e...

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“…Although this preservative was phased out effective December 31, 2003 for most residential and consumer uses (US EPA, 2002), an abundance of treated wood containing arsenic can be found in outdoor structures and, as these structures age, they will ultimately enter wood recycling facilities and land-fills (Solo-Gabriele and Townsend, 1999). Treated wood containing arsenic is of environmental concern because some chemical may migrate from treated wood into the surrounding soil (Stilwell and Gorny, 1997;Townsend et al, 2003b) and groundwater (Khan et al, 2004;Townsend et al, 2003aTownsend et al, , 2004. Arsenic may also be dislodged from the treated wood surface upon contact with skin (Hemond and Solo-Gabriele, 2004;Shibata, 2006;Stilwell et al, 2003;US CPSC, 2003;US EPA, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of handheld X-ray fluorescence spectrometry units for identification of arsenic in treated wood

Block

Shibata

Solo‐Gabriele

et al. 2007

Environmental Pollution

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of handheld XRF analyzers on wood that has been treated with a preservative containing arsenic. Experiments were designed to evaluate precision, detection limit, effective depth of analysis, and accuracy of the XRF arsenic readings. Results showed that the precision of the XRF improved with increased sample concentration and longer analysis times. Reported detection limits decreased with longer analysis times to values of less than 1 mg/kg or 18 mg/kg, depending on the model used. The effective depth of analysis was within the top 1.2 cm and 2.0 cm of sample for wood containing natural gradients of chemical preservative and concentration extremes, respectively. XRF results were found to be 1.5-2.3 times higher than measurements from traditional laboratory analysis. Equations can be developed to convert XRF values to results which are consistent with traditional laboratory testing.

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Leaching of CCA-treated wood: implications for waste disposal

Cited by 101 publications

References 32 publications

Immobilization of Cadmium from Contaminated Sediment Using Cardboard Mill Sludge

Immobilization of Cadmium from Contaminated Sediment Using Cardboard Mill Sludge

Classificação de resíduos de madeira tratada com preservativos à base de arseniato de cobre cromatado e de boro/flúor

Use of handheld X-ray fluorescence spectrometry units for identification of arsenic in treated wood

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