Lateral Cephalometric Norms for Adolescent Kuwaitis: Soft Tissue Measurements

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish lateral cephalometric soft tissue norms for adolescent Kuwaitis and to compare these norms to those of the common analysis systems. Subjects and Methods: Digital lateral cephalograms were made of 82 Kuwaiti boys and 80 Kuwaiti girls, of mean age 13.27 ± 0.42 and 13.21 ± 0.43 years, respectively, with almost ideal occlusion. Anatomic landmarks were identified directly on the digital images. Linear and angular measurements were calculated electronically using the Dolphin (version 9) software package. Results: The average subject in the sample had a smaller Z angle, a larger H angle, thicker soft tissue at point A and the pogonion, and an increase in most measurements for lip protrusion when compared to the norms of the common analysis systems. The ranges of the majority of facial and labial parameters were larger than those reported in the above-mentioned norms. Gender differences were limited to upper lip length. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Kuwaiti norms for lip protrusion should be used when making the extraction decision in adolescent Kuwaiti orthodontic patients. The larger than previously documented variation of the majority of soft tissue parameters suggests a need for establishing different norms for different facial types.

Holdaway soft tissue cephalometric standards for Saudi adults

“…Jordanian norms were similar to those of North Americans (as reported by Holdaway and Ricketts) except for the H angle and skeletal convexity which were shown to be greater in the Jordanians group (Hamdan, 2010). Other cephalometric studies have evaluated Arabs' soft tissue (Shalhoub et al, 1987;Hamdan and Rock, 2001) including Egyptians (Bishara et al, 1990), and Kuwaitis (Behbehani et al, 2006;Al-Azemi et al, 2008).…”

Holdaway′s analysis of the nose prominence of an adult Nigerian population

“…Holdaway's soft tissue analysis has been used in several studies to report the cephalometric soft tissue findings of different ethnicities, in addition to the comparison of these findings to established Holdaway norms. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] This analysis consists of 13 measurements, one of which is the nose prominence. [19] In previous studies, [16][17][18] the authors had extensively studied the soft tissue profile of Nigerians using different soft tissue analyses, including Holdaway's analysis.…”

Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms for Bihar Ethnic Population

“…Conversely, a study performed on South Indian population by Anmol S Kalha 4 , it was stated that the females have a greater interlabial gap and maxillary incisor exposure as compared to males. Also, in a study on Adolescent Kuwaitis by Rashed Al-Azemi 12 , it was observed that the Kuwaitis had increased incisors protrusion when compared to the Caucasians. Similarly, according to a study conducted by Scheideman 13 the mandibular height was greater in men than in women.…”