Holdaway soft tissue cephalometric standards for Saudi adults

Abstract

The aim of this study was to report facial soft tissue cephalometric standards for a sample of Saudi adults and to compare them with the findings of other ethnic groups. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 61 Saudi subjects (30 females and 31 males) with ages that ranged from 20 to 24 years were selected. Subjects had Class I occlusal relationship with a balanced facial profile. Holdaway soft tissue analysis was then applied to measure two angular and nine linear parameters. The obtained findings were then compared to the Anatolian Turkish, Japanese, and Holdaway reported norms. Saudi sample showed a more convex skeletal profile (1.75 mm ± 2.3) and prominent upper and lower lips. Nose prominence was found to be reduced (13.46 mm ± 3.22) and the H angle was increased (15.16°± 3.22). Saudi males were shown to have a more prominent upper lip and nose when compared with Saudi females (p < 0.05). It has been concluded that Saudi standards for Holdaway soft tissue analysis were found to be statistically different from other ethnic group reported findings. Considering such standards for the studied population would aid in better diagnosis and treatment planning.

Holdaway′s analysis of the nose prominence of an adult Nigerian population

“…For example, orthodontic treatment to reduce protruding incisors, can lead to lip changes that increase the relative prominence of the nose. [2,36] Mandibular surgery may also affect the relative prominence of the nose because of changes in the soft tissue chin and Holdaway [19] 1983 Caucasian 14-24 Lew et al [21] 1992 Chinese 6.00 Alcalde et al [22] 2000 Japanese 14.54 Basciftci et al [20] 2003 Turkish 18.74 Al-Gunaid et al [23] 2007 Yemeni males 16.70 Hameed et al [24] 2008 Pakistanis 19.36 Al-Azemi et al [25] 2008 Kuwaitis 14.25 Taki et al [26] 2009 Persian adults 16.72 Mehta et al [27] 2010 Indians 13.38 Hussein et al [28] 2011 Palestinians 19.24 Al-Barakati and Bindayel [29] 2012 Saudi Arabians 13.46 Present study 2014 Nigerians 3.49 lower lip. [2,33] Maxillary and nasal surgery, however are more likely to affect the form of the nose directly.…”

“…[16][17][18] Nose prominence is considered to be a recognizable individual facial characteristic. [29] Its magnitude would affect treatment-planning decisions as it influences the presentation of adjacent circumoral and facial structures. [29] This study would provide baseline data on the nose prominence values of adult Nigerians.…”

“…[29] Its magnitude would affect treatment-planning decisions as it influences the presentation of adjacent circumoral and facial structures. [29] This study would provide baseline data on the nose prominence values of adult Nigerians. Holdaway's analysis was chosen as it has been widely used in different studies to assess the soft tissue profiles of different populations.…”

“…The findings from this study further reinforce the findings from different studies carried out in different ethnic groups, which show that soft tissue features are specific for a given ethnic group or population. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]…”

“…Holdaway's soft tissue analysis has been used in several studies to report the cephalometric soft tissue findings of different ethnicities, in addition to the comparison of these findings to established Holdaway norms. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] This analysis consists of 13 measurements, one of which is the nose prominence. [19] In previous studies, [16][17][18] the authors had extensively studied the soft tissue profile of Nigerians using different soft tissue analyses, including Holdaway's analysis.…”