Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms for Bihar Ethnic Population

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: A person's ability to recognize a beautiful face is innate, but translating this into defined treatment goals is problematic and various authors tried to relate the importance of soft-tissue esthetics with orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
 AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To derive the Soft Tissue Cephalometric norms for the normal, well-balanced and esthetically pleasing faces of the Bihar ethnic population and to compare them with pre-established norms.
 MATERIALS AND METHOD: A sample of 60 subjects from an ethnic Bihar population residing in Patna, on the basis of facial symmetry, balance and pleasing appearance were observed from five sets of extra-oral photographs. Standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken with metallic markers placed on various soft-tissue structures on the face using derma tapes. All lateral cephalometric films were traced and Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis was done.
 RESULTS: Total facial length was significantly less in males as compared to the Caucasians with 117.50±1.74 as mean value. Males had significantly less protrusive upper and lower lips in projection to TVL with a mean value of 0.77±0.77 and -3.13±0.73 respectively. Lower lip length in females was significantly decreased with a decreased lower third facial height with a mean value of 62.27±1.46. Total facial length was significantly less in females with a mean value of 115.40±1.99. Females had significantly more protrusive upper and lower lips in projection to TVL with a mean value of 1.90±0.84 and 1.93±0.74 respectively.
 CONCLUSION: The established norms in present study could be used as future reference for Orthodontic treatment in Bihar ethnic population.

<p>Perubahan harmoni wajah pasca perawatan kelas II skeletal dengan pencabutan dua premolar satu atas menurut analisis Arnett dan Bergman</p><p>Changes in facial harmony after skeletal class II treatment with extraction of two maxillary first premolars based on Arnett and Bergman analysis<p>

“…Arnett dan Bergman tidak hanya menganalisa jaringan lunak wajah dalam arah anteroposterior tetapi juga dalam arah vertikal atau yang disebut sebagai analisa nilai harmoni wajah. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 Nilai harmoni wajah menurut Arnett adalah nilai keseimbangan wajah berdasarkan empat regio, yaitu harmoni intramandibular, harmoni antar rahang, orbita terhadap rahang dan total harmoni wajah. Arnett juga menyatakan bahwa nilai harmoni wajah pada perempuan dan laki-laki berbeda.…”

“…1,2 Arnett dan Bergman menyatakan dalam perawatan ortodonti, analisa jaringan lunak wajah, diagnosa dan rencana perawatan memiliki parameter nilai harmoni sebagai kunci penetapan estetika wajah. 4,5,6,7,8,9 Maloklusi berdasarkan relasi rahang dapat dibagi atas skeletal Kelas I,II dan III. Berdasarkan relasi gigi geligi menurut klasifikasi Angle dapat dikelompokkan menjadi Kelas I, II, dan III.…”

“…1,14 Penelitian pada populasi etnik Bihar dengan hasil penelitian perempuan secara signifikan bibir atas lebih protrusi daripada bibir bawah yang diproyeksikan terhadap TVL. 5 Penelitian tentang analisa jaringan lunak wajah Arnett pada anakanak mongolia rentang usia 6 dan 15 tahun dan hasilnya menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan secara signifikan dari jenis kelamin dan ras. 6 Upadhyay Js, et al 7 melakukan penelitian tentang analisa jaringan lunak dan nilai harmoni wajah pada populasi India dengan hasil yang tidak berbeda secara signifikan dengan analisa Arnett dan Bergman.…”