“…Brain damage after TFI has been linked to enhanced leukocyte adhesion/infiltration, 19 free radical mechanisms, 20 upregulation of the inducible NOS (iNOS) isoform, 21 altered cerebral glucose transport, 22,23 and apoptosis. 24 Estrogens, E 2 in particular, have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory functions, 25 antioxidant actions, 26,27 an ability to block the induction of iNOS, 2 a capacity to improve glucose transport, 28 and antiapoptotic effects.…”