Late and Unequal: Measuring Enrolments and Retention in Brazilian Education, 1933-2010

Abstract

This paper presents a new dataset of enrolment rates and grade distribution ratios (GDR) in Brazil between 1933 and 2010, in addition to enrolment rates and GDR of Brazilian states from 1955 to 2010. To our knowledge, there are no previous estimates of enrolment rates by states for such a long period in Brazil. Enrolment rates and GDR in northern and north-eastern states were meagre and comparable to the lowest Latin American performers, and even the most advanced Brazilian states lagged behind the early leaders of the region, such as Argentina and Uruguay, until the turn of the century. Given a certain enrolment rate, Brazilian states were expected to present lower GDR compared to Latin American countries on average.

Reproducing Inequality? Elite-Biased Policy and the Rural–urban Educational Gap in Colombia and Its Regions, 1920-2019

“…Following Fuentes-Vásquez (2019), Kang et al . (2021) and Lindert (2004), this research searches for traces of this role by conducting a long-term descriptive analysis. We identify the long-term patterns of rural–urban gaps by using a new historical dataset containing information on pupils, teachers and establishments from 1920 to 2019, disaggregated into national and subnational categories.…”