Laser excited analytical atomic and ionic fluorescence in flames, furnaces and inductively coupled plasmas—II

Human, H.G.C.; Omenetto, N.; Cavalli, P.; Rossi, Giovanni

doi:10.1016/0584-8547(84)80216-5

Cited by 54 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Second, atomic fluorescence detection limits measured at conventional observation heights (15-20 mm above the load coil) in plasmas formed by conventional ICP-AES torches were not significantly inferior to those measured at 55-75 mm observation heights in plasmas formed by elongated torches (19). These observations confirmed the independent conclusions of Omenetto et al (7,9). Third, ultrasonic nebulization with aerosol desolvation improved powers of detection by factors ranging up to 400 over those obtained when conventional pneumatic nebulization was used.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

“…I t is logical that the analytical potential of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) systems based on the use of tunable, dye-laser excitation of free atoms in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomization cells should attract attention, which it has (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). An indicator of the progress made to date in laser-excited (LE) atomic fluorescence generated in ICP atomization cells can be developed by comparing reported powers of detection for LE-ICP-AFS with those observed in the conventional atomic emission mode (ICP-AES).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of stimulated Raman scattering of tunable dye laser radiation as a primary excitation source for exciting atomic fluorescence in an inductively coupled plasma

Leong¹,

D’Silva²,

Fassel³

1986

Anal. Chem.

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Radlatlon generated by stlmulated Raman scatterlng (SRS) in H, at llquld N, temperatures was evaluated as a tunable, sharpline, ultravblet lasef source for the excltath of atomlc fluorescence of those elements, such as As, Se, Te, and Zn, whose resonance excited states are usually more than 40 000 cm-' above the ground state. To populate these states requires primary radlatlon of wavelengths that are shorter than can be provided by laser-frequency doubHng techniques.These wavelengths are within the range that can be reached through stimulated Raman scattering of dye-laser primary radlatlon. In the stwlles described, a YAG pumped, dye-laser source provided the primary radlatlon that was scattered In the SRS cell Into Stokes and anti-Stokes components. Data on the analytkai flgures of merit are presented and compared with those obtalned by conventlonal Inductively coupled plasma atomlc emlsslon spectroscopy and hollow-cathode lamp excited atomlc fluorescence spectroscopy.I t is logical that the analytical potential of atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) systems based on the use of tunable, dye-laser excitation of free atoms in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomization cells should attract attention, which it has (1-9). An indicator of the progress made to date in laser-excited (LE) atomic fluorescence generated in ICP atomization cells can be developed by comparing reported powers of detection for LE-ICP-AFS with those observed in the conventional atomic emission mode (ICP-AES). Such a comparison leads to an obvious general conclusion, namely, that useful LE-AFS detection limits have not been reported for those elements, e.g., As, Sb, Se, and Zn, whose resonance excited states are more than 40 000 cm-' above the ground state. To populate these levels, exciting radiation at wavelengths less than 250 nm is required. Conventional laser-frequency doubling techniques have to date not been able to provide adequate radiant fluxes at these short wavelengths to produce analytically useful atomic fluorescence intensities. In addition, no wavelengths below 217 nm have been produced with conventional laser-frequency doubling techniques.Several attractive avenues of exploration remain for attaining analytically useful detection limits for the elements under consideration. Among these are the use of (a) pulsed Nd:YAG laser pumped, dye laser system combined with stimulated Raman scattering to produce and/or increase the radiant flux of exciting radiation at wavelengths less than 250 nm, and (b) ultrasonic generation of aerosol combined with aerosol desolvation to increase the analyte mass loading of the ICP atomization cell (10-12).Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS). This process, which was first demonstrated by Woodbury and Ng (13) and Eckhardt et al. (14) in 1962, has the potential advantage of not only shifting sharply tuned, ultraviolet dye laser radiation to lower wavelengths but also being able to provide greater radiation fluxes at the shorter wavelengths (Le., less than 220 nm) than has been available by other me...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of stimulated Raman scattering of tunable dye laser radiation as a primary excitation source for exciting atomic fluorescence in an inductively coupled plasma

Leong¹,

D’Silva²,

Fassel³

1986

Anal. Chem.

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“…Performance estimates for various other metals typically lie between these extremes. These estimates are based on the assumption that the ICP is operated in a fashion similar to that used for ICP/atomic fluorescence spectroscopy studies, 84 namely as an atomization source producing predominantly ground-state atomic species. It should be noted that there is no physical reason, however, why the ICP could not be operated as an excitation or ionization source, and selected excited states or ionized species measured.…”

Section: Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cavity Ringdown Laser Absorption Spectroscopy

Miller

Winstead

2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Cavity ringdown laser absorption spectroscopy (CRDS), a distinctly new variant of classical absorption spectroscopy, is based upon the time required for the intensity of a light pulse in an optical cavity to decay. The sensitivity of the technique stems from the large number of passes that the light pulse makes within the cavity. For example, mirrors of 99.99% reflectivity in a 1‐m long cavity yield a ringdown time of approximately 33.4‐µs for an empty cavity. This is equivalent to a 10‐km pathlength traveled during the first time constant! The presence of a sample having an absorbance of 1 × 10 −6 inside the cavity will yield a readily measurable change in ringdown time of approximately 1%. When compared with traditional single‐pass absorption spectroscopy, which typically detects absorbances of the order of 1 × 10 −3 , the potential of CRDS becomesclear. As for any absorption technique, the conditions for Beer's law behavior must be fulfilled. One primary advantage of the cavity ringdown method is to allow the use of the extensive wavelength operating range of pulsed lasers for absorption spectroscopy. Because CRDS depends solely on the decay time, it is unaffected by the inherent shot‐to‐shot power fluctuations of pulsed lasers. Although still in the early stages of development, CRDS has been used to study chemical species in environments ranging from molecular beams and gas cells to atmospheric pressure flames and plasmas, in spectral regions ranging from the ultraviolet (UV) to the infrared (IR). It has only been very recently, with first couplings of CRDS and atomization sources (inductively coupled plasma (ICP), graphite furnace), that the technique has broadened to include analytical atomic spectroscopy. The potential of cavity ringdown for atomic spectroscopy has been demonstrated with the determination of mercury detection limits (DLs), in air, of less than 1 part per trillion. At the time of writing (1999), CRDS is very much still in its infancy, especially with regard to analytical applications. For a possible glimpse of the future, it should be noted that as the wavelength coverage of diode lasers continues to grow, the possibilities for constructing small, ultrasensitive CRDS spectrometers for analytical atomic and molecular spectrometry continue to increase. However, any inherent advantage of CRDS over other analytical techniques will be determined by the quality of mirrors used for cavity construction, the stability of the baseline ringdown time measurement, the atomization source, and the fluorescence characteristics of the element under consideration. Although the technology associated with the ringdown technique continues to advance rapidly, CRDS is as yet a novel approach for many analytical measurements, and is sure to continue to find new areas of application. The next few years should prove very exciting as new instrumentation becomes available and the technique's full potential is explored.

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“…From the analytical point of view, yttrium is currently determined using inductively coupled plasma as atomic source both for optical emission and mass spectrometry and the achievable limit of detection is already in the ng/L (ppt) range. It is perhaps for this reason that few investigations have been dedicated to the exploration of other techniques, like for instance LIF, laser induced fluorescence [1,2] or OGE, optogalvanic effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescence and optogalvanic signals in atomic yttrium from tunable diode laser excitation in a hollow cathode lamp

Benetti

Gregori

Grassi

2005

Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy

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Laser excited analytical atomic and ionic fluorescence in flames, furnaces and inductively coupled plasmas—II

Cited by 54 publications

References 13 publications

Evaluation of stimulated Raman scattering of tunable dye laser radiation as a primary excitation source for exciting atomic fluorescence in an inductively coupled plasma

Evaluation of stimulated Raman scattering of tunable dye laser radiation as a primary excitation source for exciting atomic fluorescence in an inductively coupled plasma

Cavity Ringdown Laser Absorption Spectroscopy

Fluorescence and optogalvanic signals in atomic yttrium from tunable diode laser excitation in a hollow cathode lamp

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