Laser breakdown in alcohols and water induced by λ= 1064 nm nanosecond pulses

Ковальчук, Т. В.; Toker, Gregory; Bulatov, Valery; Schechter, Israël

doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2010.09.076

Cited by 35 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…When an intense laser pulse with sufficient intensity irradiates the bulk liquid, some phenomena may occur from which plasma formation, electromagnetic radiations originate from laser plasmas, shockwaves, bubble formation and supersonic and sound waves are some examples [10]. Although there are some reports concerning the above issues in different liquids including distilled water [11]- [16], there are not much research reports in studying laser induced breakdown in distilled water which show the influence of impurities. However, the effect of impurities on the reduction of the laser-induced breakdown threshold of air is studied [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Laser parameters such as wavelength, pulse duration, fluence and the choice of the target material (solid, liquid and gas) can strongly influence the efficiency of conversion of laser energy into plasmas [6].There are many reports in studying dynamics of optical breakdown process in water as a good dielectric [8], [11]- [16], [21], [22]. However, to our best knowledge there is no report on studying dynamics of optical breakdown process in water as an environment for colloidal nanoparticles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical Opacity of Laser Induced Plasma in Distilled Water with NaCl and TiO2 Nanoparticles Impurities

Mozaffari

Jafarabadi

Mahdieh

2017

IJOP

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ABSTRACT-In this paper, the dynamic behavior of laser induced optical breakdown in impure water was studied by using a pumpprobe technique. The plasma was induced by a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser pulse (with pulse duration ~10 ns) in distilled water with two types of impurities: (I) a solution (highly diluted salt water as a conductor) and (II) a colloidal (TiO 2 in colloidal nanoparticle form as a dielectric); and finally the results were compared. The results show that, for both liquids, the probe beam transmission is reduced with pump laser intensity. Our results also show that, impurity size and type of conductivity can influence on plasma time evolution and transmissivity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Opacity of Laser Induced Plasma in Distilled Water with NaCl and TiO2 Nanoparticles Impurities

Mozaffari

Jafarabadi

Mahdieh

2017

IJOP

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“…For ns breakdown, it is still a matter of debate whether such seed electrons are available as background electrons [8,9], formed at impurities [10][11][12], or whether they are generated by multiphoton ionization (MPI) of the water itself [4,13,14]. It is generally acknowledged that femtosecond (fs) and picosecond (ps) IR breakdown is initiated by photoionization because ultrashort pulses are sufficiently powerful for supporting higher order multiphoton processes [15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wavelength dependence of nanosecond infrared laser-induced breakdown in water: Evidence for multiphoton initiation via an intermediate state

et al. 2015

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Investigation of the wavelength dependence (725 -1025 nm) of the threshold for nanosecond optical breakdown in water revealed steps consistent with breakdown initiation by multiphoton ionization, with an initiation energy of about 6.6 eV. This value is considerably smaller than the autoionization threshold of about 9.5 eV, which can be regarded as band gap relevant for avalanche ionization. Breakdown initiation is likely to occur via excitation of a valence band electron into a solvated state, followed by rapid excitation into the conduction band. Theoretical analysis based on these assumptions suggests that the seed electron density required for initiating avalanche ionization drops from 2.5×10 15 cm -3 at 725 nm to 1.1×10 12 cm -3 at 1025 nm. These results demand changes of future breakdown modeling for water including the use of a larger band gap than previously employed, the introduction of an intermediate energy level for initiation, and consideration of the wavelength dependence of seed electron density.

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“…In pure water the laser exposure produces a single spark while in tap water the formation of multiple, spatially distinct plasmas have been observed in nanosecond regime. The plasma formation in multiple sites is triggered by impurities and this causes also the cavitation in multiple sites [63,72], which should be avoided in DP LIBS excitation. Increasing excessively energy of the first pulse (or pulses) the secondary, analytical plasma becomes weaker and elongated, and finally develops Fig.…”

Section: Analysis Of Bulk Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Emission intensity of the plasma produced inside liquids is generally lower than in gaseous environment due to several factors that include: absorption by the medium both of the laser and plasma radiation and their scattering on suspended particles and micro-bubbles [63,64], laser beam shielding by the high density plasma [61,65], and fast plasma quenching in the dense medium [2,66]. A large amount of the input laser energy is also consumed for vaporization of liquid and for transformation into mechanical energy [1,67].…”

Section: Comparison Between Single and Dual Pulse Libs Inside Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

LIBS Analysis of Liquids and of Materials Inside Liquids

Lazic

2014

Springer Series in Optical Sciences

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Abbreviations and Symbols CILaser induced plasma formation on or inside liquids is characterized by large energy losses due to liquid evaporation. Ablation of a liquid surface is followed by hydro-dynamical instabilities and splashing. Plasma generation inside bulk liquids is affected by the light absorption and scattering, and it is accompanied by intense pressure waves and successive vapor cavitation. Efficient LIBS analyses in presence of liquids require different considerations; the examples are reported and discussed in following. IntroductionLaser induced plasma formation has the irradiance threshold dependent on the sample density, and generally it progressively reduces when passing from gases, to liquids and then to solids. Excluding the losses along the beam path, this means that less laser energy is required for ablation of dry or submerged solid materials than for ablation of a liquid or for generating breakdown inside liquids. Plasma formation in presence of liquids is not efficient because a great portion of the laser energy is expended for the liquid vaporization; this strongly reduces the energy available for the plasma excitation. It has been estimated that about 75 % of the input radiation is consumed for vaporization during laser induced breakdown (LIB) inside water [1]. Furthermore, both water and organic solutions contain hydrogen, which contributes to a rapid thermalization and cooling of the formed plasma. Once the plasma is created in liquids, the high density and nearly incompressible medium strongly confines the plume; the corresponding effects on the plasma evolution and LIBS signal are recently reviewed [2]. Laser ablation (LA) of liquids by short, intense pulses is a complex process where the liquid surface is no longer in equilibrium with the surrounding vapor; this results in a very high net mass flux from the sample surface to the surrounding [3 and references therein]. The high mass flux increases the pressure at the target surface and so raises the boiling temperature. Once the normal boiling is established, the presence of volumetric energy densities slightly higher than that equivalent to the saturation temperature causes the formation and growth of a vapor bubble. If the deposition rate of volumetric energy density by a laser pulse exceeds the energy consumed by vaporization, the liquid is driven to a metastable state until the spinoidal temperature is reached. At this temperature, the liquid undergoes so called ''spinoidal decomposition'' where the entire superheated liquid volume separates into saturated liquid and vapor, which are ejected into atmosphere. This process occurs normally during LIBS sampling of a liquid surface. In case of water ablation it has been estimated that less than 50 % of the deposited energy transforms into vapor while the remaining part is consumed for ejection of droplets [3]. The energy loss on droplet expulsion i.e. splashing further degrades the LIBS signal.LIBS measurements are often performed on water solutions or inside the same. Laser intera...

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Laser breakdown in alcohols and water induced by λ= 1064 nm nanosecond pulses

Cited by 35 publications

References 33 publications

Optical Opacity of Laser Induced Plasma in Distilled Water with NaCl and TiO2 Nanoparticles Impurities

Optical Opacity of Laser Induced Plasma in Distilled Water with NaCl and TiO2 Nanoparticles Impurities

Wavelength dependence of nanosecond infrared laser-induced breakdown in water: Evidence for multiphoton initiation via an intermediate state

LIBS Analysis of Liquids and of Materials Inside Liquids

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