We have developed a new data acquisition approach followed by a suitable data analysis for Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. It provides absolute concentrations of elements in particulate materials (e.g., industrial dusts and soils). In contrast to the known calibration procedures (based on the ratio of spectral lines), which are applicable only when one component is constant, this approach requires no constant constituent and results in absolute (rather than relative) concentrations. Thus, the major drawback of this analytical method, namely, the signals' instability (especially when particulate materials are concerned) is partially solved. Unlike the commonly used integrated data acquisition, we use a sequence of signals from single breakdown events. We compensate for pulse to pulse fluctuations in an intrinsic way, and the final results do not depend on the presence of any constant component. Extended linear calibration curves are obtained, and limits of detection are improved by 1 order of magnitude relative to previous methods applied to the same samples (e.g., detection limit of 10(-12) g of Zn in aerosol samples). The proposed compensation for pulse variations is based on the assumption that they can be described as a multiplicative effect for both the spectral peaks and a component of the baseline. In other words, we assume that the same fluctuation pattern observed in the spectral peaks is present in the baseline as well. This assumption is shown to hold and is utilized in the proposed method. In addition, a proper data-filtering process, which eliminates ill-conditioned spectra, is shown to partially compensate for problems due to the nature of analysis of particulate materials.
Spectroscopic imaging provides 2D images with full spectral resolution at each pixel. Thus, chemical imaging of an object, as well as other useful information, can be obtained. An imaging spectroscopy method in the visible range is presented and applied to laser plasma. This is a powerful research tool with numerous possible applications. This study is focused on spectroscopic imaging of laser-produced plasmas, and such spectral images (full spectrum at each pixel) are presented for the first time. Detailed information on optical and geometrical effects are obtained, and an insight to the optimization of the laser plasma spectroscopy method is achieved. The size and the spatial shape of the plasma, which can be used for matrix effect compensation, are measured. Similarity maps and classification maps of laser-induced plasma are obtained for the first time. These maps are used for allocation of chemical components in the plasma. The signal to noise ratio maps of the spectra obtained from laser-induced plasmas are provided. These surfaces possess a clear maximum, indicating that there is a preferred site in the plasma, where the emitted light provides the best signal to noise ratio. The performance of the current method is limited by the lack of temporal resolution, although it can be extended by a proper temporal gating.
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