Abstract:In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the aspects of the fabrication methods for large-area perovskite films, improving the efficiency and stability of the large-area PSC devices.
“…The word “perovskite” defines any material with the same type of crystalline structure as calcium titanium oxide (CaTiO 3 ), i.e., the ABX 3 structure shown in Figure …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Perovskite crystalline structure. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry.…”
In the last decade, hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite‐based solar cells (PSCs) have shown an impressive rate of growth in performance, reaching power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) comparable with the ones exhibited by crystalline silicon devices. Recently, perovskite‐based solar modules (PSMs) have been developed, showing a similar pace in the progress of the reported PCE. Nevertheless, scaling up the dimensions of devices is not a trivial process. To this effect, different deposition and manufacturing techniques have to be implemented. Laser apparatuses have been demonstrated to be fundamental in the production of PSMs, due to the extreme precision needed for manufacturing processes. Herein, an overview of the recent progresses in the application of laser systems in the production of perovskite‐based solar devices is provided. In particular, lasers are used in small‐area PSCs to realize pulsed laser deposition procedures for the realization of perovskite layers and novel electrodes. In the field of PSMs, lasers have boosted the exploitation of substrates, minimizing the dimension of interconnection areas between the cells that form a module and providing the necessary accuracy, repeatability, and level of automation needed for the future industrialization of perovskite‐based solar technology.
“…The word “perovskite” defines any material with the same type of crystalline structure as calcium titanium oxide (CaTiO 3 ), i.e., the ABX 3 structure shown in Figure …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Perovskite crystalline structure. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry.…”
In the last decade, hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite‐based solar cells (PSCs) have shown an impressive rate of growth in performance, reaching power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) comparable with the ones exhibited by crystalline silicon devices. Recently, perovskite‐based solar modules (PSMs) have been developed, showing a similar pace in the progress of the reported PCE. Nevertheless, scaling up the dimensions of devices is not a trivial process. To this effect, different deposition and manufacturing techniques have to be implemented. Laser apparatuses have been demonstrated to be fundamental in the production of PSMs, due to the extreme precision needed for manufacturing processes. Herein, an overview of the recent progresses in the application of laser systems in the production of perovskite‐based solar devices is provided. In particular, lasers are used in small‐area PSCs to realize pulsed laser deposition procedures for the realization of perovskite layers and novel electrodes. In the field of PSMs, lasers have boosted the exploitation of substrates, minimizing the dimension of interconnection areas between the cells that form a module and providing the necessary accuracy, repeatability, and level of automation needed for the future industrialization of perovskite‐based solar technology.
“…[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] The current research activity in the optimisation of device architecture, materials and interfaces makest he future commercialization and exploitation of PSCs truly concrete and intriguing. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] The architecture of aPSC is rather simple in its standard configuration:aconductive glass (or ap lastic foil) supports an electron extraction layer (ETL, such as TiO 2 or ZnO), on the top of which the perovskite-based active materiali sd eposited. A hole-transporting material (HTM) is coated onto the perovskite layer,w hereasb ack-contacts (typically gold or carbon-based) are evaporated/printed at the top of the cell.…”
Perovskite solar cells have the potential to revolutionize the world of photovoltaics, and their efficiency close to 23 % on a lab-scale recently certified this novel technology as the one with the most rapidly raising performance per year in the whole story of solar cells. With the aim of improving stability, reproducibility and spectral properties of the devices, in the last three years the scientific community strongly focused on Cs-doping for hybrid (typically, organolead) perovskites. In parallel, to further contrast hygroscopicity and reach thermal stability, research has also been carried out to achieve the development of all-inorganic perovskites based on caesium, the performances of which are rapidly increasing. The potential of caesium is further strengthened when it is used as a modifying agent of charge-carrier layers in solar cells, but also for the preparation of perovskites with peculiar optoelectronic properties for unconventional applications (e.g., in LEDs, photodetectors, sensors, etc.). This Review offers a 360-degree overview on how caesium can strongly tune the properties and performance of perovskites and relative perovskite-based devices.
“…Indeed, HOIPs have emerged as a new class of materials with a high potential to challenge existing technologies. In this scenario, there has been a very strong experimental effort to develop efficient and stable devices [5,6]. In parallel, the theoretical research aiming to provide basic understanding of many of the properties of HOIPs continues and includes mainly electronic structure studies based on density functional theory [7][8][9], molecular dynamics simulations aiming to characterize the ionic degrees of freedom [10][11][12][13], and other theoretical approaches [14][15][16][17][18][19].…”
Motivated by the recent interest in the possible ordering of the CH3NH3 dipoles in the material CH3NH3PbI3, we investigate the properties of domain boundaries in a simple cubic lattice of dipoles. We perform numerical simulations in which we set the boundary conditions such that the dipoles at opposite sides of the simulated sample are ordered in different directions, hence simulating a domain boundary. We calculate the lowest energy configuration under this constraint. We find that if we consider only dipole-dipole interactions the dipole orientations tend to gradually transform between the two orientations at the two opposite ends of the sample. When we take into consideration the finite spatial size of the CH3NH3 molecules and go beyond the point dipole approximation, we find that the domain boundary becomes sharper. For the parameters of CH3NH3PbI3, our results indicate that the optimal energy structure has a boundary region of a width on the order of a single unit cell.
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