Interfaces between perovskite solar
cell (PSC) layer components
play a pivotal role in obtaining high-performance premium cells and
large-area modules. Graphene and related two-dimensional materials
(GRMs) can be used to “on-demand” tune the interface
properties of PSCs. We successfully used GRMs to realize large-area
(active area 50.6 cm2) perovskite-based solar modules (PSMs),
achieving a record high power conversion efficiency of 12.6%. We on-demand
modulated the photoelectrode charge dynamic by doping the mesoporous
TiO2 (mTiO2) layer with graphene flakes. Moreover,
we exploited lithium-neutralized graphene oxide flakes as interlayer
at the mTiO2/perovskite interface to improve charge injection.
Notably, prolonged aging tests have shown the long-term stability
for both small- and large-area devices using graphene-doped mTiO2. Furthermore, the possibility of producing and processing
GRMs in the form of inks opens a promising route for further scale-up
and stabilization of the PSM, the gateway for the commercialization
of this technology.
Perovskite solar cells employing CH3NH3PbI3-xClx active layers show power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 20% in single cells and 13% in large area modules. However, their operational stability has often been limited due to degradation of the CH3NH3PbI3-xClx active layer. Here, we report a perovskite solar module (PSM, best and av. PCE 10.5 and 8.1%), employing solution-grown TiO2 nanorods (NRs) as the electron transport layer, which showed an increase in performance (∼5%) even after shelf-life investigation for 2500 h. A crucial issue on the module fabrication was the patterning of the TiO2 NRs, which was solved by interfacial engineering during the growth process and using an optimized laser pulse for patterning. A shelf-life comparison with PSMs built on TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs, best and av. PCE 7.9 and 5.5%) of similar thickness and on a compact TiO2 layer (CL, best and av. PCE 5.8 and 4.9%) shows, in contrast to that observed for NR PSMs, that PCE in NPs and CL PSMs dropped by ∼50 and ∼90%, respectively. This is due to the fact that the CH3NH3PbI3-xClx active layer shows superior phase stability when incorporated in devices with TiO2 NR scaffolds.
We fabricated monolithic solid state modules based on organometal CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3PbI3-xClx perovskites using poly-(3-hexylthiophene) and Spiro-OMeTAD as hole transport materials (HTMs). In particular, we developed innovative and scalable patterning procedures to minimize the series resistance at the integrated series-interconnections. By using these optimization steps, we reached a maximum conversion efficiency of 8.2% under AM1.5G at 1 Sun illumination conditions using the CH3NH3PbI3-xClx perovskite and the poly-(3-hexylthiophene) as HTM. Finally, we investigated the double-step deposition of CH3NH3PbI3 using the Spiro-OMeTAD, reaching a maximum conversion efficiency on active area (10.08 cm2) equal to 13.0% (9.1% on aperture area) under AM1.5G at 1 Sun illumination conditions. This remarkable result represents the highest PCE value reached for the perovskite solar modules
Small area hybrid organometal halide perovskite\ud
based solar cells reached performances comparable to the multicrystalline\ud
silicon wafer cells. However, industrial applications\ud
require the scaling-up of devices to module-size. Here, we report\ud
the first fully laser-processed large area (14.5 cm2) perovskite solar\ud
module with an aperture ratio of 95% and a power conversion\ud
efficiency of 9.3%. To obtain this result, we carried out thorough\ud
analyses and optimization of three laser processing steps required\ud
to realize the serial interconnection of various cells. By analyzing\ud
the statistics of the fabricated modules, we show that the error\ud
committed over the projected interconnection dimensions is sufficiently\ud
lowto permit even higher aperture ratios without additional\ud
efforts
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