Laparoscopic Vasectomy vs Laparoscopic Sterilization in Dogs: A Comparison of Two Techniques

Abstract

Twelve clinically healthy, adult male dogs randomly equally divided into two groups (I and II). Animals of both the groups received xylazine-ketamine anesthesia. Laparoscopic bilateral vasectomy was performed in group I, whereas in animals of group II in additition to vasectomy, spermatic artery-vein plexus were clipped with titanium clips at a distance of 1 to 2 cm. Insufflation of abdominal cavity was achieved by CO 2 (2 liter/minute) at 10 mm Hg pressure gradient. Clinical observations revealed no significant changes. Differential leukocyte count (DLC) revealed significant neutrophilia and comparative lymphopenia on 3rd postoperative in both groups. Significant increase (p < 0.05) in plasma alkaline and acid phosphatase level was observed on day 3 postoperatively. Indices of oxidative stress viz lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione activity and acute phase protein, ceruloplasmin level in plasma did not revealed any major significant changes but indicated that oxidative stress was more in group II animals. Plasma cortisol level increased significantly (p < 0.01) after operation and testosterone level showed gradual decrease (p > 0.05) up to 7th postoperative day in animals of group II. On the basis of the parameters studied, it can be concluded that capnoperitoneum at 10 mm Hg pressure gradient and CO 2 at the flow rate of 2 liter/minute provides optimum visualization of intra-abdominal organs and found suitable for laparoscopic sterilization in male dogs. The laparoscopic vasectomy alone in male dogs was found comparatively quick, less time consuming and can be successfully applied for mass sterilization program. Oxidative stress in laparoscopic vasectomy (group I) was less as compared to other group.

Application of a laparoscopic technique for vasectomy in standing horses

“…Despite the low number of cases, none of the potential complications of the conventional technique were recorded with this laparoscopic technique. These indings are in agreement with results previously reported in other species with intra-abdominal and extra-abdominal DD, as dogs 26 and llamas and alpacas. 36 This approach can be an additional advantage in horses with previous orchitis or testicular trauma because in these situations, the DD isolation can be diicult with the conventional approach.…”

“…Laparoscopic vasectomy has been described in human medicine [22][23][24][25] and also in some animal species showing that it is a simpler, safer and quicker procedure than the conventional technique, avoiding some complications of the open surgery. 26 However, there are no reports describing the laparoscopic vasectomy in the horse.…”

Laparoscopic Castration Using Bipolar Forceps vs. Orchiectomy in Dogs: A Comparison of Two Techniques

“…The laparoscopic castration used bipolar forceps with integrated scissors (5 mm, RobiPlus; Karl Storz; 78532 Tuttlingen, Germany). The technique applied was novel since we did not apply clips [ 7 ].…”

“…It is used for contraception, to control dog overpopulation, to prevent diseases [ 2 ], and to reduce unwanted sexual and aggressive behaviors [ 3 ]. To date, an array of spaying procedures has been described, including castration by open or closed orchiectomy [ 4 ], scrotal ablation [ 5 ], vasectomy, vasal occlusion with calcium chloride [ 6 ], laparoscopic vasectomy and sterilization [ 7 ], and bilateral vasocystostomy [ 8 ].…”

“…Other studies described a technique in which a segment of the vas deferens was cauterized and resected with monopolar grasping forceps [ 11 ] or a laparoscopic-assisted colopexy and sterilization, where both vessels and the deferens were double clipped and then coagulated, and the tissues in the area between the clips cut [ 20 ]. The most recent report of a laparoscopic sterilization technique was performed by Mahalingam et al, where besides cauterizing and resection of 2 to 3 cm of vas deferens, the spermatic artery–vein plexus was double clipped [ 7 ].…”