Laboratory confirmation of<i>Amanita smithiana</i>mushroom poisoning

Apperley, Scott; Kroeger, P.; Kirchmair, Martín; Kiaii, Mercedeh; Holmes, Daniel T.; Garber, Ian

doi:10.3109/15563650.2013.778995

Cited by 16 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…A. smithiana toxin is not present in A. proxima , but the presentation, is nonetheless, similar [5,46]. A. smithiana toxin may be detected by TLC [135]. A 20 min-24 h latency period is followed by GI symptoms.…”

Section: Other Nephrotoxic Mushroomsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…A. smithiana contains A. smithiana toxin. Amanita boudieri, A. echinocephala, and A. gracilior also contain A. smithiana toxin and present similarly [4,5,129,[135][136][137][138][139]. A. smithiana toxin is not present in A. proxima , but the presentation, is nonetheless, similar [5,46].…”

Section: Other Nephrotoxic Mushroomsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This is sometimes referred to as the "Amanita nephrotoxic syndrome" [4]. A. smithiana has been found along the Pacific coast of North America and less commonly in Idaho, Nevada and New Mexico [135]. A. smithiana contains A. smithiana toxin.…”

Section: Other Nephrotoxic Mushroomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tubulointerstitial nephritis is characteristic. Mild cytolytic hepatitis can also be seen and the liver enzymes may rise before the creatinine rises [4,15,32,129,[135][136][137][138]. De Haro et al [140] reported on 53 patients poisoned by A. proxima and found 38 % had an increased creatinine, 32 % were oliguric or anuric, and 24.5 % required hemodialysis.…”

Section: Other Nephrotoxic Mushroomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This mushroom does not contain A. smithiana toxin, but it does contain 2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid (allenic norleucine), which is also found in A. smithiana [4,5,135,137]. However, allenic norleucine is no longer thought to be responsible for A. proxima or A. smithiana toxicity [4,5,135]. Regardless, acute tubular necrosis is seen and hemodialysis may be required for several weeks [137].…”

Section: Other Nephrotoxic Mushroomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycetism: A Review of the Recent Literature

Graeme

2014

J. Med. Toxicol.

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Approximately 100 of the known species of mushrooms are poisonous to humans. New toxic mushroom species continue to be identified. Some species initially classified as edible are later reclassified as toxic. This results in a continually expanding list of toxic mushrooms. As new toxic species are identified, some classic teachings about mycetism no longer hold true. As more toxic mushrooms are identified and more toxic syndromes are reported, older classification systems fail to effectively accommodate mycetism. This review provides an update of myscetism and classifies mushroom poisonings by the primary organ system affected, permitting expansion, as new, toxic mushroom species are discovered.

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Section: Other Nephrotoxic Mushroomsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Other Nephrotoxic Mushroomsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Other Nephrotoxic Mushroomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Other Nephrotoxic Mushroomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Other Nephrotoxic Mushroomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycetism: A Review of the Recent Literature

Graeme

2014

J. Med. Toxicol.

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Epidemiological analysis of wild mushroom poisoning in Zhejiang province, China, 2016–2018

Chen

Sun

Liao

et al. 2021

Food Science & Nutrition

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Wild mushroom poisoning has been recognized as a global problem threatening human health. In this study, we aimed to explore characteristics of wild mushroom poisoning in Zhejiang province, China. From 2016 to 2018, 429 cases of wild mushroom poisoning were reported, and among them, there were 2 deaths and 84 hospitalizations, with the incidence of 0.2526 per 100,000 and the case fatality rate of 0.47%. Digestive symptoms were found in all cases. Systemic symptoms and signs, neurological symptoms, and urinary symptoms were found in 28.90% (124/429), 11.66% (50/429), and 4.90% (21/429) of the cases, respectively. The proportion of cases with incubation period <6 h was 85.78%, and those with ≥6 h accounted for 14.22%. The peak period of poisoning occurred from June to October annually. Quzhou (Moran’s I = 1.242, p < .05) and Lishui (Moran’s I = 0.759, p < .05) with mild climate, more mountains, and abundant rainfall were “hot spots” for the incidence of wild mushroom poisoning, showing a state of high‐incidence aggregation. Epidemiological analysis showed that there were seasonal, high‐incidence areas and high‐risk groups in wild mushroom poisoning. The government should give early warning to high‐incidence areas and strengthen publicity to high‐risk groups before wild mushrooms mature every summer and autumn. In addition, we recommend that ordinary people not pick wild mushrooms outdoors for consumption, because it is difficult to distinguish whether wild mushrooms are poisonous and do not buy wild mushrooms of unknown sources.

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A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe sample pretreatment and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of 33 mycotoxins inLentinula edodes

et al. 2014

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Lentinula edodes, one of the most cultivated edible fungi in the world, are usually neglected for mycotoxins contamination due to the initial thinking of its resistance to mycotoxingenic molds. In the present study, a sensitive and reliable liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of 33 mycotoxins in L. edodes. Targeted mycotoxins were extracted using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe procedure without any further clean-up step, and analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry on an Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (100 × 3 mm, 2.7 μm) with a linear gradient elution program using water containing 5 mM ammonium acetate and methanol as the mobile phase. After validation by determining linearity (R(2) > 0.99), sensitivity (LOQ ≤ 20 ng/kg), recovery (73.6-117.9%), and precision (0.8-19.5%), the established method has been successfully applied to reveal the contamination states of various mycotoxins in L. edodes. Among the 30 tested samples, 22 were contaminated by various mycotoxins with the concentration levels ranging from 3.3-28,850.7 μg/kg, predicting that the edible fungus could be infected by the mycotoxins-producing fungi. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about real mycotoxins contamination in L. edodes.

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Laboratory confirmation ofAmanita smithianamushroom poisoning

Cited by 16 publications

References 8 publications

Mycetism: A Review of the Recent Literature

Mycetism: A Review of the Recent Literature

Epidemiological analysis of wild mushroom poisoning in Zhejiang province, China, 2016–2018

A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe sample pretreatment and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of 33 mycotoxins inLentinula edodes

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