A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe sample pretreatment and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of 33 mycotoxins inLentinula edodes

Abstract

Lentinula edodes, one of the most cultivated edible fungi in the world, are usually neglected for mycotoxins contamination due to the initial thinking of its resistance to mycotoxingenic molds. In the present study, a sensitive and reliable liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of 33 mycotoxins in L. edodes. Targeted mycotoxins were extracted using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe procedure without any further clean-up step, and analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry on an Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (100 × 3 mm, 2.7 μm) with a linear gradient elution program using water containing 5 mM ammonium acetate and methanol as the mobile phase. After validation by determining linearity (R(2) > 0.99), sensitivity (LOQ ≤ 20 ng/kg), recovery (73.6-117.9%), and precision (0.8-19.5%), the established method has been successfully applied to reveal the contamination states of various mycotoxins in L. edodes. Among the 30 tested samples, 22 were contaminated by various mycotoxins with the concentration levels ranging from 3.3-28,850.7 μg/kg, predicting that the edible fungus could be infected by the mycotoxins-producing fungi. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about real mycotoxins contamination in L. edodes.

Mycotoxigenic Potentials of Fusarium Species in Various Culture Matrices Revealed by Mycotoxin Profiling

“…The mycotoxins produced by various Fusarium strains were extracted and simultaneously determined by LC-MS/MS covering a total of thirty three frequently occurring mycotoxins, which has been established in the previous studies [ 61 ].…”

Improvement of bioactive metabolite production in microbial cultures—A systems approach by OSMAC and deconvolution‐based 1HNMR quantification

“…F. oxysporum is a filamentous fungus isolated from the rizhosphere of S. spectabilis (Fabaceae) that produces several bioactive mycotoxins including trichothecenes, enniantins, and fumosinin. Among those, fusaric acid (5‐butylpyridine‐2‐carboxylic acid) is a polyketide and picolinic acid derivative abundantly produced under different growth conditions for this species, which displays a variety of bioactivity, including antifungal, antioomycete, antimicrobial, and herbicidal activities . Economically, this metabolite has been directly associated with Fusarium wilt, a trans‐boundary disease which affects different crops world‐wide, such as sugarcane, potatoes, bananas, and tomatoes, causing cracks in the tree stalk, leaf breakage, leaf yellowing, necrosis, and death, summing hundreds of millions of dollars in production losses …”

Development of an economic ultrafast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for trace analysis of multiclass mycotoxins in Polygonum multiflorum

“…The results showed that within the wide-testing concentration range of each analyte, a good linear relationship existed, with coefficient of determination (R 2 ) between 0.9992 (AFG 1 and OTA) and 0.9997 (AFG 2 ). In general, nice and satisfactory sensitivities were obtained with LODs varying from 0.031 to 2.5 μg/kg and LOQs in the range of 0.078-6.25 μg/kg for all the seven analytes, which are obviously better than the sensitivities of the previously established methods for determination of multiple mycotoxins in Lentinula edodes, fish, seafood, and egg samples [40][41][42].…”