Laboratory approach for diagnosis of toluene-based inhalant abuse in a clinical setting

Jain, Raka; Verma, Anjeet

doi:10.4103/0975-7406.164293

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…It is largely used all over the world as volatile organic compounds and produced in large quantities to be used in different activities of industrial and commercial applications including paints, varnishes, inks, adhesives, plastics ( 1 , 2 ). Toluene is usually an abused organic solvent and is highly potential for different kinds of abuse ( 3 ). Exposure to toluene may cause damages to variety organs including liver, kidney, lung, heart and nervous system ( 4 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The protective effect of Buffalo’s milk against toluene induced-nephrotoxicity in rats

Afravy¹,

Angali²,

Khodadadi³

et al. 2016

J Nephropathol

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Background: Toluene is widely used in different activities of industrial, commercial and household applications. It can cause damage to the human body. Buffalos’ milk has a good nutritive value. Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the negative effects of toluene on kidney tissues and to investigate the protective effects of buffalo’s milk against toluene-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: Forty adult male Wistar rats (180-220 g weight) were randomly assigned to eight groups (n = 5). Animals in groups I to IV received oral gavage 1 mL distilled water (DH2O) and groups V to VIII received oral gavage 1 mL buffalo’s milk. Ten minutes later, animals were received toluene (i.p) at doses of 300 mg/kg (groups I and V), 600 mg/kg (groups of II and VI), and 900 mg/kg (groups of III and VII), respectively. The animals in groups IV (control) and VIII were injected vehicle (corn oil) only. The experiment repeated for seven consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, animals were killed with overdose of sodium pentobarbital. Blood samples were analyzed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr). One part of the kidney tissues were excised for measuring the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). Another parts were excised for histopatholgical examination. Results: Administration of toluene to male rats produced dose-dependent damage in the kidney. This was noted by elevation of BUN, Cr and MDA levels. In contrast, diminished the CAT, GR and SOD enzyme activities in rats treated with toluene when compared to those in control animals. Histopathological manifestations were also observed in dose related manner in toluene-treated rats. Buffalo’s milk had no effect on the biochemical parameters and kidney morphology when compared to those in control. However, it was able to prevent rat kidney against toluene toxicity. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that toluene damages kidney tissue and is a nephrotoxic substance. Buffalo’s milk was able to prevent the renal damage as an antioxidant and a nephroprotective agent.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The protective effect of Buffalo’s milk against toluene induced-nephrotoxicity in rats

Afravy¹,

Angali²,

Khodadadi³

et al. 2016

J Nephropathol

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“…Inhalation abuse can harm the body, causing users to feel dizzy, unconscious, and can cause liver, heart, and brain disorders (Edelfield & Moosa, 2011;Glei et al, 2020;Hassan et al, 2017;Jain & Verma, 2016;Knopf, 2021;Real et al, 2021).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between knowledge and adolescent social environment with inhalation abuse (fox glue)

Losita¹,

Damayanti

2021

konseli

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This study was to determine the relationship between knowledge about the dangers of inhalationand the social environment of adolescents to the abuse of Fox glue. This study used a Cross-Sectional Design experimental design. The research subjects used in this study were 64 adolescents in the Pidada Panjang village, Bandar Lampung. Selection of subjects using simple random sampling technique by taking samples from members of the population at random without considering the existing strata. In this study, using data collection techniques with three instruments, the first instrument is knowledge of inhalation hazards (Asti, 2014), the second instrument is the influence of the social environment (Hidayat, 2016), and the third instrument of inhalation abuse changed by the researchers themselves. The data analysis technique used was Univariate and Bivariate. The results showed that there was a relationship between knowledge about the dangers of inhalation (p-value = 0.003) and the social environment of adolescents (p-value = 0.000) on the abuse of Fox glue. The findings of this study prove that knowledge about the dangers of inhalation and the social environment is related to the prevention of inhalation abuse (Fox glue) in adolescents. The higher the knowledge about the dangers of inhalation and a good social environment, the higher the preventive measures against inhalation (Fox glue)

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“…Data on the consequences of PVAc and white glue ingestion are rarely found in the literature and most of the available information is associated with bowel obstruction in men (Tanimu et al, 2019) and in some animal species, such as dogs (Lubich et al, 2004). In humans, PVAc poisoning is mostly described in glue sniffing; however, in these cases, damage is caused by inhaling glue additives, such as toluene and other solvents; not described to be present in the ingested white glue (Jain & Verma, 2016). Research, Society and Development, v. 11, n. 12, e144111234047, 2022 (CC BY 4.0) | ISSN 2525-3409 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i12.34047 6 Experimental studies on PVAc ingestion toxicity were reported in a review by Nair (1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

White glue intoxication in a plain parakeet (Brotogeris tirica) – Case report

Guimarães

Ferreira

Orsini

2022

RSD

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Despite the lack of information on avian sensitivity to toxic agents, it is known that several products that are relatively harmless to humans may have profound effects on birds. Thus, the objective of this work is to report the case of a plain parakeet (Brotogeris tirica) that was intoxicated after ingesting white glue and to discuss the pathophysiological aspects involved in intoxication. For this, the case study methodology was used, with a qualitative character, describing the case in detail and posteriorly seeking subsidies in the literature centered on the subject under study to complement the knowledge necessary to carry out this study. Twelve hours after ingesting white glue, the plain parakeet (Brotogeris tirica) began to experience recurrent vomiting episodes, which rapidly progressed to a critical condition of dyspnea, prostration and death. Although Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc), the main component of that type of glue, is described as a non-hazardous substance, necroscopic and histopathological findings, consisting of pulmonary and hepatic congestion and hemorrhage, were very similar to that seen in some avian toxicoses. A thorough review on in vivo and in vitro mechanisms of PVAc degradation suggests that an association of high-dose exposition and B-esterase insufficiency in birds was the probable cause of PVAc poisoning, serving as an alert to veterinarians and bird owners.

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Laboratory approach for diagnosis of toluene-based inhalant abuse in a clinical setting

Cited by 14 publications

References 46 publications

The protective effect of Buffalo’s milk against toluene induced-nephrotoxicity in rats

The protective effect of Buffalo’s milk against toluene induced-nephrotoxicity in rats

Relationship between knowledge and adolescent social environment with inhalation abuse (fox glue)

White glue intoxication in a plain parakeet (Brotogeris tirica) – Case report

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