La naissance de la retraite moderne: l'Allemagne dans une comparaison internationale (1850-1960)

Conrad, Christoph

doi:10.2307/1533537

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…20 During the early years of the post-war Social Security (la 'Sécu ') arrangements, between 1945 and 1960, pensions were low, but by the early 1970s, the average income and purchasing power of new retirees (our first cohort in 1972) began to be higher in real terms than their earnings at 20-35 years of age (our first cohort in 1937) -an unprecedented phenomenon. 21 The age of retirement in France is the youngest in Europe, and the rate of participation in the labour force at 55-64 years is exceptionally low (Conrad 2005: 181, Table 5) 22 Many of those who died during 2001-04 had entered a nursing home, while the majority of the few survivors (in early 2005) already live in an institution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

25th volume celebration paper Changes in the experiences of life between two cohorts of Parisian pensioners, born in circa 1907 and 1921

Cribier

2005

Ageing and Society

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The experience of retirement and old age of two cohorts of the residents of Paris, born successively around 1907 and 1921, have been studied through prospective longitudinal studies, each of which comprised several waves of interviews. The two cohorts were first interviewed as they approached retirement and old age, in respectively 1972 and 1984. Moulded by the strong contemporaneous social change, the principal life experiences of the two cohorts have been quite different – from the social and geographic settings of their birth, their childhood and education, through their occupations and career advancement, parenting and family lives, housing conditions and residential mobility, earned incomes and pensions, longevity, and utilisation of medical care. Above all, their long lives have been strongly conditioned by rapid and radical socio-economic changes, particularly in the occupational structure, the rising standard of living, and improvements in urban housing standards, social protection, personal services and average life span. In contrast to their rising material standards, the cohorts have faced the gradual spread of less sympathetic attitudes towards older people, particularly those who lose their autonomy. As the number of people in advanced old age has relentlessly increased, they have in several respects become more distant from the rest of society. Maintaining the continued ‘inclusion’ and full citizenship of frail older people is not only a growing moral and practical problem, but also a major political problem in a democracy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

25th volume celebration paper Changes in the experiences of life between two cohorts of Parisian pensioners, born in circa 1907 and 1921

Cribier

2005

Ageing and Society

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“…Il sistema previdenziale pubblico tra vincoli e scelte Intanto, è crollato il sistema previdenziale familiare, che nei paesi oggi industrializzati era quello prevalente, se non esclusivo, fino alla fine del XIX secolo (Conrad 1990;Ritter 1991). Questo crollo è dovuto a un insieme di fattori, tra cui forse i principali sono l'accresciuta mobilità delle persone (per cui non necessariamente i figli adulti vivono vicini ai genitori che invecchiano), il calo della fecondità (non sempre ci sono figli adulti cui affidare la cura degli anziani), e, infine, la diversa natura che i legami familiari hanno assunto nel tempo, con preminenza del ruolo dell'individuo su quello dell'istituzione familiare, e quindi maggiore libertà: delle coppie di divorziare, dei figli di 'abbandonare' i genitori al proprio destino e degli anziani stessi di non volersi sentire economicamente dipendenti dai loro discendenti.…”

Section: Il Puzzle Delle Pensioniunclassified

Il Sistema previdenziale pubblico tra vincoli e scelte

Santis

2019

Lectio Magistralis

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I sistemi previdenziali sono in crisi quasi ovunque nel mondo, in parte per la cattiva gestione del passato, soprattutto remoto, in parte per le loro caratteristiche intrinseche, non sempre ben comprese da chi li ha ideati e ancor meno da coloro che sono successivamente intervenuti a modificarli. Tuttavia, sgombrando il terreno dalle tante incrostazioni che si sono via via aggiunte nel dibattito, sembra possibile focalizzarsi sulle poche variabili veramente rilevanti per il problema, distinguere le scelte politiche dalle variabili esogene (i vincoli), far emergere le conseguenze di breve e di lungo periodo delle varie possibili scelte, e contribuire così a salvaguardare, pur se ridimensionandolo, uno dei cardini del moderno stato sociale. Nel far ciò, appare anche opportuno esplicitare il punto di compromesso che si intende perseguire tra equità attuariale e redistribuzione, obiettivi sfortunatamente incompatibili, ma molto rilevanti e da sempre (confusamente) compresenti nel dibattito sui sistemi previdenziali.

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“…Les systèmes allemand ou britannique l'ont bien compris, et, s'ils fixent l'âge légal de la retraite à 70 ans, ils indemnisent largement l'invalidité sans condition d'âge. Le dispositif allemand est d'ailleurs conçu avant tout comme une assurance invalidité, avant même d'être une assurance vieillesse 11 : dans la première décennie du XX e siècle, les pensions d'invalidité représentent près de 90 % des nouvelles pensions liquidées par les ouvriers allemands, à un âge moyen situé autour de 56 ans, quand les retraites anticipées pour incapacité représenteront à peine quelques centaines par an en France jusqu'aux années 1920 (Conrad, 1990). S'inspirant de ces modèles, ou plus exactement les discutant, les projets présentés par les socialistes français s'en distinguent toutefois par le mode de reconnaissance de l'usure prématurée, fondé non sur un examen médical individuel mais sur un principe collectif d'appartenance à certaines professions, à l'instar des services actifs de la fonction publique.…”

Section: Les Freins à Une Reconnaissance Collective De La Pénibilitéunclassified

Les racines de la retraite pour pénibilité

Bruno¹

2016

Retraite Et Société

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Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour La Documentation française. © La Documentation française. Tous droits réservés pour tous pays.La reproduction ou représentation de cet article, notamment par photocopie, n'est autorisée que dans les limites des conditions générales d'utilisation du site ou, le cas échéant, des conditions générales de la licence souscrite par votre établissement. Toute autre reproduction ou représentation, en tout ou partie, sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit, est interdite sauf accord préalable et écrit de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Il est précisé que son stockage dans une base de données est également interdit.

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La naissance de la retraite moderne: l'Allemagne dans une comparaison internationale (1850-1960)

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

25th volume celebration paper Changes in the experiences of life between two cohorts of Parisian pensioners, born in circa 1907 and 1921

25th volume celebration paper Changes in the experiences of life between two cohorts of Parisian pensioners, born in circa 1907 and 1921

Il Sistema previdenziale pubblico tra vincoli e scelte

Les racines de la retraite pour pénibilité

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