La gestion des migrations de retour, un paramètre négligé de la grille d'analyse de la crise malienne

Abstract

L’objet de cet article est d’étudier les relations entre les associations de migrants de retour, l’État et la société au Mali. L’auteur montre que la dimension migratoire constitue un paramètre clé de la grille d’analyse de la crise actuelle. Cette dimension permet en effet de repenser les transformations passées et en cours autour des instances de mobilisation des migrants et d’interroger les modalités pratiques de l’élargissement des positionnements politiques en contexte malien. En revendiquant de nouveaux statuts, les militants associatifs plaident pour une refondation des politiques migratoires et une protection accrue de l’État.

5 Europe Confronted by Its Expelled Migrants: The Politics of Expelled Migrants’ Associations in Africa

“…Memory and history form the background of the expelled migrant's move to collective action. The violence which they suffered, being used then rejected by France, found its echo in the sacrifice of the tirailleurs (infantrymen recruited in the French colonial territories) in the service of the French army (Mann, 2003;Gary-Tounkara, 2013): "C'est cette France pour la 1ère et la 2ème fois, de 1914-1918, 1939-1945, qui est venue ramasser des millions d'Africains, des bras valides je veux dire, du bétail et produit alimentaires dont personne ne peut estimer, qui sont partis pour ne plus revenir". [It was France who, for the 1st and 2nd time, in 1914-1918 and 1939-1945, gathered millions of Africans, able-bodied men, cattle and food products of unknown value, who left, never to return].…”

Racialized Impacts of Migration Governance in Mali

“…During the last decade, the Sahelian region has experienced a proliferation of non-state armed groups, variously qualified as "terrorist" or "jihadist" (Pelckmans, 2015;de Bruijn, 2018). West African mobilities have been shaped by and have contributed to these political and (in)security changes (Gary-Tounkara, 2013). Labour migration and general mobility in West Africa, both part of the region's long-term history, are now under jeopardy, as is free circulation within ECOWAS.…”

»Failed« Migratory Adventures?

“…In addition to dealing with humanitarian assistance to the small but increasing numbers of returnees from Angola, Gabon, and Mozambique, as well as from Asian and American countries, it protested against the treatment suffered by Malian migrants abroad during the process of expulsion and on their return and reception in Mali. From the start, the AME's activities were thus politicized -pioneering interventions in the management of post deportation and the integration of deportees (Sylla & Schultz, 2019;Dünnwald, 2017;Lecadet, 2016Lecadet, , 2013Gary-Tounkara, 2013). For instance, before, deported Malian migrants were imprisoned upon their return and accused of "illegal migration" by the Malian public authorities.…”

“…Still, it was thanks to the Malian population's outstanding capacity for reintegration that no social conflict broke out and relations and migratory networks to Côte d'Ivoire have persisted until today. In reaction to the Libyan crisis, more associations formed, which were particularly political (Sylla, 2019(Sylla, , 2014Gary-Tounkara, 2013). In addition, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), funded by European donors, started its activities in the field of larger-scale reintegration programs in this context (Aghazarm et al, 2012).…”