Kyoto and the carbon footprint of nations

Aichele, Rahel; Felbermayr, Gabriel

doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2011.10.005

Cited by 243 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…One drawback to the Huang et al analysis is that it cannot say whether the requirements of the Annex I designation were effective in inducing these countries to reduce emissions-a question that our analysis answers directly. Second, Achiele and Felbermayr [10] utilize a DiD approach to estimate the difference in CO 2 emissions, carbon 'footprints,' and the carbon embodied in imports for a set of 40 countries before and after ratification of the KP, which for some countries occurred before 2005. We distinguish our work from Achiele and Felbermayr by using a somewhat simpler empirical specification for a broader definition of emissions and a larger sample of countries.…”

Section: Background and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reassessing the Links between GHG Emissions, Economic Growth, and the UNFCCC: A Difference-in-Differences Approach

Cifci

Oliver

2018

Sustainability

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Abstract:International climate agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and, more recently, the Paris Climate Agreement are fragile because, at a national level, political constituencies' value systems may conflict with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to sustainable levels. Proponents cite climate change as the most pressing challenge of our time, contending that international cooperation will play an essential role in addressing this challenge. Political opponents argue that the disproportionate requirements on developed nations to shoulder the financial burden will inhibit their economic growth. We find empirical evidence that both arguments are likely to be correct. We use standard regression techniques to analyze a multi-country dataset of GHG emissions, GDP per capita growth, and other factors. We estimate that after the Kyoto Protocol (KP) entered into force 'Annex I' countries reduced GHG emissions on average by roughly 1 million metric tons of CO 2 equivalent (MTCO2e), relative to non-Annex I countries. However, our estimates reveal that these countries also experienced an average reduction in GDP per capita growth rates of around 1-2 percentage points relative to non-Annex I countries.

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Section: Background and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reassessing the Links between GHG Emissions, Economic Growth, and the UNFCCC: A Difference-in-Differences Approach

Cifci

Oliver

2018

Sustainability

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“…We show that the time variables are still statistically insignificant, suggesting that in the past 30 years there has been no significant decrease in earthquake fatalities worldwide after controlling for country characteristics. This finding suggests disaster mitigation has, by 24 In addition to weighting foreign knowledge by bilateral trade flows, we create alternative bilateral spatial weights following the approach in Aichele and Felbermayr (2012), which allows foreign knowledge stock to diminish with bilateral distances and increase with the origin country's population size. We still do not find any significant result using this measure.…”

Section: The Effect Of Foreign Knowledge Stocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technological innovation, social learning and natural hazard mitigation: evidence on earthquake fatalities

Miao¹

2017

Envir. Dev. Econ.

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ABSTRACT. How do people learn from disasters? Do they constantly develop and accumulate new knowledge that enables them to address recurrent disaster risks? This paper investigates whether social learning and, in particular, the development of earthquakemitigating technologies reduces earthquake-induced fatalities. Combining patent data with a global cross-section of 894 earthquakes that occurred between 1980 and 2010, we find that countries with more disaster-mitigating innovations and more earthquake exposure in the past suffer fewer fatalities. This study is the first to empirically examine the role of technological change and social learning in disaster mitigation. It sheds light on knowledge as a key element of adaptive capacity, and suggests the importance of incorporating technology development into a long-term hazard mitigation and adaptation policy. The paper also contributes to the empirical disaster literature as the first to address the problem of missing data on disaster losses.

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“…Recent work suggests, for instance, that democracy has a positive effect on the willingness of countries to commit to more ambitious environmental policies, but that the 'words-deeds' gap is particularly large for such political systems (e.g. Bättig and Bernauer, 2009; see also Aichele and Felbermayr, 2012).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The marginal impact of ENGOs in different types of democratic systems

Böhmelt

Bernauer

Koubi

2014

Eur. Pol. Sci. Rev.

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Conventional wisdom suggests that environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) play a major role in pushing states towards more ambitious environmental policies. However, demonstrating that this presumption is in fact true is rather difficult, because the same system structures of democracies that may create more opportunities for ENGO activities are also, on their own, conducive to better environmental policies. This leaves open the possibility that the additional (marginal) impact of ENGOs on policy-making is smaller than presumed. In trying to disentangle these effects, this paper examines the influence of ENGOs contingent on key structural characteristics of democratic systems. We develop the argument that presidential systems with a plurality electoral rule per se tend to provide more environmental public goods, which induces a smaller marginal impact of ENGOs. Conversely, parliamentary systems with a proportional representation electoral rule are likely to provide fewer environmental public goods, which allows for a larger marginal impact of ENGOs. We find robust empirical support for these hypotheses in analyses that focus on the ratification behavior of 75 democracies vis-à-vis 250 international environmental agreements in 1973-2002. Keywords: democracy; environmental non-governmental organizations; international environmental politics; parliamentary systems; presidential systems; plurality voting; proportional representation Authors' noteThe research for this paper was carried out as part of the Swiss NCCR research program 'Challenges to Democracy in the 21 st Century' (http://www.nccr-democracy.uzh.ch). We thank four anonymous reviewers and the journal's editors, Donatella Della Porta and B. Guy Peters, for helpful comments. Supplemental information, the data set, and the replication files referred to in the text can be obtained from the authors on request.Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2364002 2 IntroductionEnvironmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) have become highly visible in decision-making from local to global levels since the 1970s. An increasing body of research examines how ENGOs participate in policy-making, either indirectly (e.g. via lobbying or campaigns) or directly (e.g. by helping governments to design and implement environmental regulations) (e.g. Betsill and Corell, 2001;Corell and Betsill, 2001; see also Chayes and Chayes, 1993: 204;Raustiala, 1997;Finnemore and Sikkink, 1998;Roberts et al., 2004;von Stein, 2008;Böhmelt and Betzold, 2013).The general expectation in this literature and also in policy circles is that ENGOs play a major role in pushing governments towards more ambitious environmental policies at all political levels 1 . For example, ENGOs can enhance procedural legitimacy by promoting greater transparency and better representation of otherwise marginalized societal interests in policyformulation and implementation (see Gemmill and Bamidele-Izu, 2002; Steffek and Ferreti, 2009). Moreover, transboundary environmental proble...

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Kyoto and the carbon footprint of nations

Cited by 243 publications

References 28 publications

Reassessing the Links between GHG Emissions, Economic Growth, and the UNFCCC: A Difference-in-Differences Approach

Reassessing the Links between GHG Emissions, Economic Growth, and the UNFCCC: A Difference-in-Differences Approach

Technological innovation, social learning and natural hazard mitigation: evidence on earthquake fatalities

The marginal impact of ENGOs in different types of democratic systems

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