Kupfervermittelte radikalische Polymerisation mit reversibler Deaktivierung in wässrigen Medien

Abstract

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Cu(0)-RDRP of styrene: balancing initiator efficiency and dispersity

“…More recently, similar advancements have been accomplished with polyacrylamides by exploiting the rapid disproportionation (usually < 1 minute) of CuBr/Me 6 Tren into Cu(0) particles and CuBr 2 in either aqueous or mixtures of aqueous and alcoholic media. [37][38][39][40] In contrast to monomers with relatively high k p such as acrylates and acrylamides, monomer with lower k p such as methacrylates are more rarely explored, due to additional problems associated with low rates of propagation of this monomer class. Nevertheless, the controlled polymerisation of methacrylates via Cu(0)-RDRP has been reported in both aqueous and organic media with an acceptable level of control.…”

Well‐Controlled Living Polymerization of Phenylacetylenes in Water: Synthesis of Water‐Soluble Stereoregular Telechelic Poly(phenylacetylene)s

“…There have been many examples of living radical polymerization in water because radical species are not deactivated by water [6] . In this context, living radical polymerization is often catalyzed by late transition metals such as copper and ruthenium, [6a,d–i] and such late transition metal complexes are compatible with water due to their low oxophilicity [7] . Late transition metal complexes can catalyze other types of living polymerization, such as living ring‐opening metathesis polymerization, in water [8] …”

Ligands and characterization for effective bio‐atom‐transfer radical polymerization

“…These conditions include reduced protein (initiator) concentrations and the use of water as a solvent . The challenges in performing ATRP in aqueous media have been reviewed recently . Briefly, the concentration of radicals is higher in water than in typical organic solvents, leading to faster polymerizations and broader molar mass distributions.…”