Know yourself and you shall know the other… to a certain extent: Multiple paths of influence of self-reflection on mindreading

Dimaggio, Giancarlo; Lysaker, Paul H.; Carcione, Antonino; Nicolò, Giuseppe; Semerari, Antonio

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2008.02.005

Cited by 201 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Only self-reflection has been shown to lead to ToM (i.e., empathy); self-rumination actually inhibits TOM because the person is too self-absorbed to think about others' mental states (Joireman, Parrott & Hammaersla, 2002;Joireman, 2004). And finally, brain areas correlated with self-awareness and ToM abilities differ (Dimaggio et al, 2008). Overall, most brain-imaging studies suggest that self-awareness tasks activate (among other areas) the ventral portion of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), whereas ToM tasks engage a more dorsal subregion of the mPFC, as seen before.…”

Section: -Theory-of-mind (A) Tom and Self-awarenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A critical review of this idea is beyond the scope of the present chapter; it is currently being debated in the literature, with some providing evidence that introspection indeed precedes ToM (Dimaggio, Lysaker, Carcione, Nicolo & Semerari, 2008) and others suggesting that ToM rather comes first (Carruthers, in press). What I wish to show is that although possibly linked, self-awareness and ToM are nonetheless relatively independent and should not be equated.…”

Section: -Theory-of-mind (A) Tom and Self-awarenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self-recognition, theory-of-mind, and self-awareness: What side are you on?

Morin

2011

Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition

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A fashionable view in comparative psychology states that primates possess self-awareness because they exhibit mirror self-recognition (MSR), which in turn makes it possible to infer mental states in others ("Theory-of-Mind"; ToM). In cognitive neuroscience, an increasingly popular position holds that the right hemisphere represents the center of self-awareness because MSR and ToM tasks presumably increase activity in that hemisphere. In this chapter I critically assess these two claims as follows. MSR should not be equated with full-blown selfawareness; for instance, evidence suggests that MSR only requires kinesthetic self-knowledge and does not involve access to one's mental events. ToM and self-awareness are fairly independent and should also not be taken as equivalent notions; to illustrate, ToM implies a focus of attention on others, not on the self, whereas self-awareness exclusively entails self-focus. MSR and ToM tasks engage medial and left brain areas-not sites solely located in the right hemisphere, as recent meta-analyses of brain-imaging studies clearly show. Other selfawareness tasks besides MSR and ToM tasks (e.g., self-description, autobiography) mostly recruit medial and left brain areas. And inner speech, produced by the left hemisphere and which primates lack, plays a significant role in self-referential activity; indeed, accidental loss of inner speech following brain injury leads to self-awareness deficits. The conclusions I will reach based on this analysis is that (1) primates that display MSR most probably do not possess introspective self-awareness, and (2) self-related processes most likely engage a distributed network of brain regions situated in both hemispheres.

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Section: -Theory-of-mind (A) Tom and Self-awarenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: -Theory-of-mind (A) Tom and Self-awarenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-recognition, theory-of-mind, and self-awareness: What side are you on?

Morin

2011

Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition

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“…However, more than five decades of research strongly shows that self-awareness can be experimentally induced through a clearly defined apparatus, such as an audience, recording, mirrors, or cameras (Buss 1980;Butterworth 1992Butterworth , 1995Carver and Scheier 1978;Cole and Stewart 1999;Davies 2005;Duval and Wicklund 1972;Geller and Shaver 1976;Morin 2002). Recent research even suggests that we can Bview^these processes at the neurocognitive level (Cocchini et al 2009;Dimaggio et al 2008;Rameson and Lieberman 2009). Having the capacity to measure the treatment effect under controlled conditions is appealing to empiricists.…”

Section: Theoretical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paradoxical effects of self-awareness of being observed: testing the effect of police body-worn cameras on assaults and aggression against officers

et al. 2017

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Objectives Recently, scholars have applied self-awareness theory to explain why bodyworn cameras (BWCs) affect encounters between the public and police, with its most immediate manifestation being a reduction in the use of force by and complaints against police. In this study, we report on the paradoxical effects of BWCs in the context of assaults on officers. Methods A multisite randomized controlled trial in ten departments, with officers wearing (or not wearing) BWCs based on random assignment of shifts. Odds ratios are used to estimate the treatment effect on assaults, along with Bone study removedŝ ensitivity analyses. Further subgroup analyses are performed in terms of varying degrees of officers' discretion, to enhance the practical applications of this multisite experiment. Finally, before-analyses are applied as well, control shifts (M = 28.38; SD = 15.99), which translate into 37% higher odds of assault in treatment shifts than in control conditions. The perverse direction and relative magnitude in each experimental site in eight out of ten sites were consistent. The backfiring treatment effect was substantially more pronounced in low discretion sites, i.e., where officers strongly followed the experimental protocol (OR = 2.565; 95% CI 1.792, 3.672). At the same time, before-after analyses show that assaults were overall reduced by 61% in the participating police departments, thus suggesting paradoxical effects.Conclusions We explain these findings using self-awareness theory. Once self-aware that their performance is being observed by BWCs, officers become at risk of being assaulted. Results suggest that under some circumstances, self-awareness can lead to excessive self-inspection that strips power-holders of their ability to function under extreme situations. This mechanism is potentially a function of Bover-deterrence^. The study further demonstrates the benefits of applying psychosocial theories to the study of social control and deterrence theories more broadly, with a robust and falsifiable mechanism that explains the conditions under which being observed stimulates either appropriate or perverse consequences.

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“…Originally used in the education literature to describe an individual's awareness of learning style [81], the term metacognition has since been expanded to an entire spectrum of mental activities. Metacognitive acts range from discrete processes, such as thinking about a thought, to more synthetic acts that require thoughts, feelings, and intentions to be integrated into complex representations that later enable individuals to recognize and respond to life challenges [82][83][84][85][86]. While both these constructs are concerned with how persons are aware of each other, one operational difference between the two is that more synthetic forms of metacognition are assessed by analyzing discourse and not by assessing the correctness of a judgment.…”

Section: Deficits In Social Cognition and Poor Metacognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrative model of the impairments in insight in schizophrenia: emerging research on causal factors and treatments

Vohs

George

Leonhardt

et al. 2016

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

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Introduction: Poor insight, or unawareness of some major aspect of mental illness, is a major barrier to wellness when it interferes with persons seeking out treatment or forming their own understanding of the challenges they face. One barrier to addressing impaired insight is the absence of a comprehensive model of how poor insight develops. Areas covered: To explore this issue we review how poor insight is the result of multiple phenomena which interfere with the construction of narrative accounts of psychiatric challenges, rather than a single social or biological cause.Expert Commentary: We propose an integrative model of poor insight in schizophrenia which involves the interaction of symptoms, deficits in neurocognition, social cognition, metacognition, and stigma. Emerging treatments for poor insight including therapies which focus on the development of metacognition are discussed.

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Know yourself and you shall know the other… to a certain extent: Multiple paths of influence of self-reflection on mindreading

Cited by 201 publications

References 56 publications

Self-recognition, theory-of-mind, and self-awareness: What side are you on?

Self-recognition, theory-of-mind, and self-awareness: What side are you on?

Paradoxical effects of self-awareness of being observed: testing the effect of police body-worn cameras on assaults and aggression against officers

An integrative model of the impairments in insight in schizophrenia: emerging research on causal factors and treatments

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