Kinetics of Electrocrystallization of PbO[sub 2] on Glassy Carbon Electrodes Partial Inhibition of the Progressive Three-Dimensional Nucleation and Growth

Abstract

SUMMARYElectrocrystallization of PbO 2 on glassy carbon electrodes was studied in 1 M HNO 3 + 0.1 M Pb(NO 3 ) 2 using cyclic voltammetry, rotating disk electrode, chronoamperometry and scanning electron microscopy. In order to explain the experimental curves a new theory of threedimensional nucleation and progressive growth was developed and applied to analyse the experimental chronoamperometric curves. Numerical approximations led to the determination of kinetic parameters.

Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings

“…52 Again, however, it is uncertain whether the Pb(IV) species is a short lived intermediate in the major pathway or formed in a minor side reaction. Ultrasound and microwaves have been shown to have a strong influence on the nucleation of lead dioxide at both vitreous carbon [53][54][55][56][57][58][59] and boron doped diamond electrodes. 60,61 This phenomenon can be associated with the reaction of OH radicals (derived from aqueous sonolysis) with the carbon surface and hence the enhancement of the number of active sites on the surface.…”

Kinetics of Electrocrystallization of PbO2 on Glassy Carbon Electrodes. Influence of the Electrode Rotation

“…Nevertheless, even in detailed studies such as that presented by Chang and Johnson [21], no mathematical treatment has been carried out, applying the classical theories of nucleation and growth, to characterize the nucleation and growth under these conditions. Figure 1 show the j-t curves obtained on a glassy carbon disk at 0 and 2500 rev min À1 for different final step potentials into the region of kinetic control [1], in a solution 0.1 M lead (II) nitrate þ1 M nitric acid. As the step potential increases, the chronoamperometric responses obtained with the glassy carbon disk in static conditions present S-shaped curves similar to those predicted for some classical models of nucleation and growth, leaving a perfectly defined plateau at high potentials.…”

“…In our recent studies preparation and characterization of various anodic materials such as C=PbO 2 [1], Ti=PbO 2 [2,3], and Ti=Pt [4] were carried out. These materials may be used in different electrochemical applications such as the treatment of wastewater [5], purification of high value added organic products via electrodialysis [6] and organic electrosynthesis [7].…”

“…In our recent article [1] we studied the PbO 2 deposition on glassy carbon (Le Carbone Lorraine) without forced mass transport and found a mechanism of partial inhibition of the progressive three dimensional nucleation and growth.…”

Anodic deposition of lead dioxide at Nafion® covered gold electrode

“…Current peaks were usually observed during 2D or 3D nucleation with diffusionally controlled growth process [37][38][39]. Sometimes, a growth inhibition was identified and described [40]. Figure 3 shows the current-time transients obtained from the solution of Pb 2+ at bare (Fig.…”