Karyotypic phylogeny and polyploidy variations of Paronychia (Caryophyllaceae) taxa in Turkey

Abstract

Introduction Karyotype evolution can be constructed with chromosomal features based on size, shape, and number. Karyotypic differences are one of the most important mechanisms supporting speciation as they may create transitional barriers between species (Baltisberger and Hörandl, 2016). Therefore, chromosomal characters are used to elucidate phylogenetic relationships in plant cytotaxonomy. (Eroğlu et al., 2013; Eroğlu, 2015). These characters are basic number (x), diploid number (2n), chromosome length, relative length (RL), total haploid length (THL), centromeric index (CI), karyotype formula (KF), chromosome structure changes including deletions, inversions and translocations, chromosome number variations including dysploidy and polyploidy, karyotype asymmetry including symmetry/asymmetry index (S/A I), the coefficient of variation of chromosome length (CV CL), and mean centromeric asymmetry (

Karyotype Analysis of Paronychia anatolica subsp. anatolica (Caryophyllaceae, Paronychioideae)

“…In literature, P. adalia has a symmetrical karyotype (Eroğlu et al, 2017); unlike, P. argentea and P. echinulata have more asymmetric karyotypes by several subtelocentric chromosomes (Diosdado and Pastor, 1994). In the most comprehensive study, 16 karyotypes are symmetrical (Eroğlu et al, 2020). Turkish Paronychia have symmetrical karyotypes.…”

“…; x = 9 with ploidy levels of 4x, 6x, 8x in many species; x = 13 with ploidy levels of 4x, 8x in P. chionaea Boiss subsp. kemaliya Chaudhri (Lorenzo Andreu and García Sanz, 1950; Blackburn and Morton, 1957; Löve, 1975; Küpfer, 1980;Diosdado and Pastor, 1994;Runemark, 1996;Eroğlu et al, 2017;Eroğlu et al, 2020).…”

“…In the literature, P. anatolica subsp. balansae is tetraploid taxon with 2n = 4x = 36 chromosomes (Eroğlu et al, 2020). Whereas P. anatolica subsp.…”

“…The species is endemic to Turkey and grows at rocky-stone areas and forest openings in 980-1500 m. Vernacular names are "etyaran" or "ana etyaran" (Eroğlu et al, 2017). Within Paronychia, the basic chromosome numbers are x = 5, 7, 8, 13 and more common x = 9 (Eroğlu et al, 2020). The chromosomal data are reported from 23 Turkish taxa.…”

“…Turkey together with Peru-Bolivia and America are one of the most important distribution centers of Paronychia species (Bittrich, 1993). The flora of Turkey currently includes 29 species and 12 subspecies and varieties with 16 endemic taxa in genus Paronychia (Chaudhri, 1967(Chaudhri, , 1968Eroğlu et al, 2017;Eroğlu et al, 2020).…”