Justice in Funding Adaptation under the International Climate Change Regime

Grasso, Marco

doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3439-7

Cited by 50 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…Should the generations that enjoyed the use of fossil fuels invest more of their resources to prepare for the future dynamics of flooding, drought, and fire that are the consequences of their unrestricted use of carbonbased fuels? In other words, should we build big adaptation projects now, before the seas rise much more rapidly, or should we defer that cost to future generations who will do it when it is needed (Grasso, 2010)?…”

Section: Changes In Philosophical Assumptions: Epistemology Ontologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…What is an ethically appropriate use of the last few decades of a long, stable period? Should we continue to optimize our investments to a lowest-cost, least-disruption adaptation pathway in the near future (Reeder & Ranger, 2011) or are we ethically bound to do all we can for future generations, given that they will bear most of the costs of our past use of cheap fossil fuels (Grasso, 2010)? Seen in that light, the transition to the Anthropocene creates an urgent need to re-evaluate the goals of urban environmental planning projects, even if the effects of trends such as sea level rise may not be acute until after 2050.…”

Section: Changes In Philosophical Assumptions: Epistemology Ontologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climate Change: Implications for the Assumptions, Goals and Methods of Urban Environmental Planning

Hill

2016

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As a result of increasing awareness of the implications of global climate change, shifts are becoming necessary and apparent in the assumptions, concepts, goals and methods of urban environmental planning. This review will present the argument that these changes represent a genuine paradigm shift in urban environmental planning. Reflection and action to develop this paradigm shift is critical now and in the next decades, because environmental planning for cities will only become more urgent as we enter a new climate period. The concepts, methods and assumptions that urban environmental planners have relied on in previous decades to protect people, ecosystems and physical structures are inadequate if they do not explicitly account for a rapidly changing regional climate context, specifically from a hydrological and ecological perspective. The over-arching concept of spatial suitability that guided planning in most of the 20 th century has already given way to concepts that address sustainability, recognizing the importance of temporality. Quite rapidly, the concept of sustainability has been replaced in many planning contexts by the priority of establishing resilience in the face of extreme disturbance events. Now even this concept of resilience is being incorporated into a novel concept of urban planning as a process of adaptation to permanent, incremental environmental changes. This adaptation concept recognizes the necessity for continued resilience to extreme events, while acknowledging that permanent changes are also occurring as a result of trends that have a clear direction over time, such as rising sea levels. Similarly, the methods of urban environmental planning have relied on statistical data about hydrological and ecological systems that will not adequately describe these systems under a new climate regime. These methods are beginning to be replaced by methods that make use of early warning systems for regime shifts, and process-based quantitative models of regional system behavior that may soon be used to determine acceptable land uses. Finally, the philosophical assumptions that underlie urban environmental planning are changing to address new epistemological, ontological and ethical assumptions that support new methods and goals. The inability to use the past as a guide to the future, new prioritizations of values for adaptation, and renewed efforts to focus on intergenerational justice are provided as examples. In order to represent a genuine paradigm shift, this review argues that changes must begin to be evident across the underlying assumptions, conceptual frameworks, and methods of urban environmental planning, and be attributable to the same root cause. The examples presented here represent the early stages of a change in the overall paradigm of the discipline.

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Section: Changes In Philosophical Assumptions: Epistemology Ontologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Changes In Philosophical Assumptions: Epistemology Ontologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change: Implications for the Assumptions, Goals and Methods of Urban Environmental Planning

Hill

2016

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“…Nesse sentido, quanto mais medidas de mitigação forem realizadas, menos adaptação será necessária, e vice-versa (SHIPPER, 2009;GRASSO, 2010). O problema entre essas duas ações reside em seus resultados, pois as ações de mitigação surtem efeito após um longo tempo de atuação à medida que, mesmo havendo redução das emissões de gases no presente, os gases já emitidos até então ainda permanecem na atmosfera por muitas décadas devido à inércia do sistema climático global; além disso, essa demora é intensificada pela lentidão na implementação de políticas efetivas de mitigação.…”

Section: Adaptaçãounclassified

Panorama Dos Estudos Sobre Adaptação Às Mudanças Climáticas Globais Entre 1999 E 2013 Por Meio Da Análise Da Revista “Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change”

Moreira¹,

Nunes²

2017

ABClima

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RESUMO:A evolução da pesquisa em adaptação é avaliada tendo como estudo de caso as publicações em uma revista de maneira a observar o aumento do número de estudos em adaptação e sua representatividade nos países. A escolha recaiu na publicação Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change e os períodos definidos para análise foram de 1999-2003 e 2009-2013. Observou-se que o número de artigos em adaptação nessa revista passou de 23 no primeiro período para 118 no segundo, enquanto os demais temas passaram de 80 para 130 artigos, demonstrando significativo aumento das pesquisas publicadas nessa revista abordando questões de adaptação, quase se igualando às demais temáticas. Esse incremento se deu principalmente após o Acordo de Marrakesh (COP de 2001(COP de , adotado em 2005, que criou um fundo para financiar a adaptação, assim como a necessidade de serem discutidas outras ações para enfrentamento das mudanças climáticas globais em um cenário em que a mitigação era o principal foco. Estudos dos cinco continentes foram contemplados pela revista, porém, com maior ênfase para países centrais, da América do Norte e Europa. Parcerias internacionais para financiamento de pesquisas tiveram destaque, demonstrando a importância dessas relações para o desenvolvimento de estudos em países que carecem de recursos. Os resultados apontam para a importância da correlação entre mitigação e adaptação, que devem ser desenvolvidas em conjunto. Palavras-chaves:Adaptação; Mitigação; Mudanças climáticas; IPCC; Capacidade Adaptativa. AN OVERVIEW OF STUDIES ON ADAPTATION TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE BETWEEN 1999 AND 2013 THROUGH AN ANALYSIS OF "MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR GLOBAL CHANGE"ABSTRACT: The evolution of climate change adaptation research is evaluated based on publications from Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change journal, which were analysed between 1999 and 2003 and between 2009 and 2013, to observe the trends of studies on adaptation in both periods. We observed that the number of papers on adaptation in this journal went from 23 in the first period to 118 in the second one, whereas the remaining topics shifter from 80 to 130 articles, which demonstrates a significant increase in the number of studies on adaptation policies, which were almost as numerous as the remaining topics. This increase mainly took place after the Marrakech Agreement (2001( COP, adopted in 2005, which created a fund to finance adaptation, thus showing the need to discuss other initiatives to tackle global climate change in a scenario in which mitigation was the main focus. We noticed there were studies in the five continents, with more emphasis to North American and European countries, though. International research funding partnerships were highlighted, which demonstrated the importance of these relationships in the conduction of studies in underprivileged countries. The results pointed towards the importance of correlating mitigation and adaptation, which must be conducted together.

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“…These are a set of self-imposed guidelines for good humanitarian practices that require impartiality in post-disaster actions including shelter management and access to and distribution of relief and reconstruction aid (Sphere, 2004). The ethics and equity dimensions of risk management have also been explored in adaptation through the application of Rawls' theory of justice (Rawls, 1971;Paavola, 2005;Grasso, 2009Grasso, , 2010. From this perspective, priority is given to reducing risk for the most vulnerable, even if this limits the absolute numbers who benefit.…”

Section: Chapter 8 Toward a Sustainable And Resilient Futurementioning

confidence: 99%