Judgments of origin and generation effects: Comparisons between young and elderly adults.

Rabinowitz, Jan C.

doi:10.1037/0882-7974.4.3.259

Cited by 78 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…Previous research Rabinowitz, 1989) has shown that subjects are more likely to correctly judge previously generated medium-taxonomic-frequency items as having been generated than they are to correctly judge previously generated high-taxonomic-frequency items. In contrast, taxonomic frequency has little or no effect on the number of correct judgments for items that were initially read.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In experiments of this sort, judgments of origin for generated low-taxonomic-frequency items are more accurate than judgments of origin for generated high-taxonomic-frequency items. There is no effect of taxonomic frequency on the accuracy of origin judgments for items that were initially read Rabinowitz, 1989).…”

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confidence: 95%

“…Additional evidence for the role of cognitive operations in judgments of origin comes from tasks in which the number of encoding presentations of read and generate items is manipulated (Johnson, Raye, & Durso, 1980;Rabinowitz, 1989). Subjects are more accurate at identifying the source of items that were generated twice at encoding than they are for items that were generated only once.…”

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Effects of repetition of mental operations on memory for occurrence and origin

Rabinowitz

1990

Mem Cogn

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In two experiments, subjects read or generated items at both encoding and retrieval. At test, they were required to decide whether or not the targets were presented initially (recognition), and if so, whether they were initially read or generated (judgments of origin). Recognition for items that were initially generated was enhanced if they were once again generated at test in the same context, but not if they were generated at test without context. These results confirm that memory for occurrence is facilitated by repetition of the initial encoding operations at retrieval. Generating at test resulted in an increase in "generate" responses both for items that were initially generated and for items that were initially read. Overall, there was a decrease in the accuracy of origin discriminations. It is suggested that, when subjects generate at test, they are likely to mistakenly attribute these just-performed operations to be part of the memory trace for that item.Understanding the cogrutive operations, or mental processes, by which we perceive and imagine events is a central focus of cognitive psychology. More recently, it has been argued that repetition of cognitive operations is a critical determinant, or perhaps, the determinant of remembering (Kolers, 1975(Kolers, , 1979Kolers & Roediger, 1984). The focus of this paper is to examine further the effect of repetition of cognitive operations on memory for occurrence and to begin to explore the effects of repetition of cognitive operations on memory for the origin, or source, of a remembered event.Glisky and Rabinowitz (1985) reported that repetition of the same cognitive operations during retrieval as those that were performed during encoding resulted in an increase in recognition. We required subjects to read target words or generate words from word fragments (e.g., AL-OHO-). At test, they were again required to read or generate the words before making recognition decisions. In addition to the standard generation effect of better memory for the items presented as fragments (Slamecka & Graf, 1978), we observed what we called a specific generation enhancement effect. For those items that were initially generated, recognition performance was improved if they were generated again, rather than read, at test. There was no effect of reading or generating at test for those items that were initially read. We therefore argued that a complete account of the generation effect must include a specific processing component. Records of cognitive operations are stored as part of the memory trace of the stimulus event Kolers, 1975Kolers, , 1979Russo & Wisher, 1976). Repeating the same operations at test as those that were performed at encoding facilitates access to the memory trace of which those operations are a part. This view is supported by two additional findings. First, a generation enhancement effect was not observed when the letters that were missing from the target at retrieval were different from the letters missing at encoding (AL-OH-L). Thus, the generation enhancem...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Effects of repetition of mental operations on memory for occurrence and origin

Rabinowitz

1990

Mem Cogn

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“…An important goal for further research is to explore the possibility that some form of guided encoding, such as generation tasks (see, e.g., Rabinowitz, 1989), may reduce or eliminate age-related deficits in encoding context-specific information, even for materials that do not strongly invite such encoding.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related differences in the specificity of verbal encoding

Micco

Masson

1992

Memory & Cognition

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A communication paradigm was used as an analogue to cued recall to separate age-related differences in encoding and retrieval. Younger and older adults (senders) generated a series of oneword clues that would enable other subjects (receivers) to generate a designated target word. Clue and target generation tasks, analogous to the encoding and retrieval components of cued recall, were conducted in the context of either a strong or a weak associate of the target. Clues generated by older senders were less effective than clues generated by younger senders in enabling receivers to generate targets, especially when clues or targets were generated in the context of a weak associate. A deficit among older receivers was also obtained, especially when a weakrather than a strong-associate context word was given to the receiver. Older adults experience difficulty with encoding and retrieval tasks that require processing of context-specific information that is not part of the generic information typically associated with a stimulus.The memory deficits experienced by elderly adults have been characterized by Craik and Simon (1980) as a consequence of the tendency to process the general or global features of an item, rather than the context-specific information that makes an item distinctive from other events in memory. Furthermore, the lack of contextual processing is attributed to a deficit in the availability of attentional resources. General information can be encoded automatically and effortlessly, but contextual integration is effortful and requires the expenditure of processing resources that are more strictly limited in the elderly (Craik & Byrd, 1982).Support for the idea that the encoding processes of younger and older adults are qualitatively different has been provided by studies done with the cued recall task. In this task, memory performance can be interpreted in terms of the encoding specificity principle, by which the nature of the information encoded determines whether a retrieval cue will be effective (Tulving & Thomson, 1973). For example, Simon (1979) compared the performance of younger and older adults when memory was cued by sentence frames in which targets had been embedded at study, and when no retrieval cue was provided. Sentence cues were found to be effective only for younger adults, suggesting that integration of target words with sentence contexts during encoding was curtailed in older subjects. The effectiveness of contextual cues was also This research was supported by Grant A7910 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to M. Masson. We are grateful to David Hultsch for allowing us to make use of the pool of older adult volunteers that he has developed. We extend thanks to Ian Begg, James Chumbley, and David Mitchell for helpful comments on an earlier version of this article. Correspondence regarding this article should be addressed to Michael Masson, Department of Psychology, University of Victoria. P.O. Box 3050. Victoria. Be. Canada V8W 3PS (e-mail address:mrnasso...

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“…The relation between source monitoring and old-new recognition performance is important in studies of aging and memory because recognition memory often declines with age (Light, 1991), along with source accuracy (e.g., Gregory, Mergler, Durso, & Zandi, 1988;Guttentag & Hunt, 1988;Mitchell, Hunt, & Schmitt, 1986;Rabinowitz, 1989). A strong case that older adults have particular problems with source memory can be made when source accuracy is impaired in conditions where recognition performance is equivalent for younger and older adults, or where source accuracy and recognition are differentially influenced by the same manipulation, which has been found in several studies of older adults (Brown et al, 1995;G.…”

Section: The Source Monitoring Framework and Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging and source monitoring: Cognitive processes and neuropsychological correlates.

Henkel

Johnson²,

Leonardis³

1998

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

262

229

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This study shows that relative to younger adults, older adults are more adversely influenced by similar items when judging a memory's source, and the phenomenal features of their correctly and incorrectly attributed memories have greater overlap. The authors argue in accordance with the source monitoring framework that this age-related impairment in source accuracy is related to processes involved in binding features into complex memories and those involved in accessing and evaluating contextual features of memories. These processes are linked to medial temporal and frontal brain regions, respectively, as evidenced by correlations in older adults between source accuracy and neuropsychological tests often used to assess medial temporal and frontal function. The results suggest that adequate feature binding is particularly important when items from different sources share similar features and access-evaluation processes are particularly important after a delay.

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Judgments of origin and generation effects: Comparisons between young and elderly adults.

Cited by 78 publications

References 35 publications

Effects of repetition of mental operations on memory for occurrence and origin

Effects of repetition of mental operations on memory for occurrence and origin

Age-related differences in the specificity of verbal encoding

Aging and source monitoring: Cognitive processes and neuropsychological correlates.

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