Jim Crow strikes out: Branch Rickey and the struggle for integration in American baseball

Knee, Stuart E.

doi:10.1080/14610980312331271549

Cited by 3 publications

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“…For example, white athletes traditionally dominate the positions of pitcher and catcher in baseball; quarterback, center, and middle linebacker in football; and (traditionally) the point guard in basketball. Black athletes have been found to disproportionately occupy the positions of running back, receiver, and defensive line in football, outfield positions in baseball, and (traditionally) the forward position in basketball (Coakley 2007;Knee 2003;Spence 2000;Lomax 1999;Jibou 1988;Frey and Eitzen 1991;Medoff 1976). The "skill" positions were believed to require greater intelligence, decision-making abilities, and leadership, while the non-central positions were thought to require dominant physical skills: speed, strength, and agility.…”

Section: Race In Sportsmentioning

confidence: 98%

An Exercise in Subtleties and the Transmission of Racism: An Analysis of Sports Illustrated Covers

2007

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This paper examines racial messages in sport and how racial ideologies may be communicated through media sources dedicated to sports coverage. Our research specifically explores the changing participation levels of black and white athletes in professional basketball and football, and the extent to which these athletes were featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine between 1954 and 2004. As an institution, sport has played a major role in both revolutionizing and reinforcing racial attitudes. Since the 1960s, corresponding with the Civil Rights Movement, the number of professional minority athletes has increased greatly. Their representation on the cover of Sports Illustrated has also increased, but not necessarily in relation to their participation rates.Americans love their sports and we know how to prove it. They spend billions of dollars each year on sports related activities and items. They fork over the cash on everything from tickets to live sporting events to special cable and satellite packages. For those who splurge to see a live event, the opportunity to spend continues.

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Section: Race In Sportsmentioning

confidence: 98%

An Exercise in Subtleties and the Transmission of Racism: An Analysis of Sports Illustrated Covers

2007

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Every Picture Tells a Story: Racial Representation on Sports Illustrated Covers

Primm

DuBois

Regoli

2007

J of American Culture

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Eric Primm is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Pikeville College in Kentucky. In addition to studying racism in football card collecting, he presently is expanding his research to other sports and to other areas of popular culture such as the motorcycle subculture. Summer DuBois is a graduate student in the sociology department at the University of Colorado. Robert M. Regoli is a Professor of Sociology at University of Colorado. He has authored eleven books and more than one hundred scholarly articles. Professor Regoli is currently studying the transmission of racist ideology within sport card collecting. He is former president and Fellow of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences and the recipient of two J. William J. Fulbright Awards.

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The African American Community and Professional Baseball: Examining Major League Baseball’s Corporate Social-Responsibility Efforts as a Relationship-Management Strategy

Anderson

Martin

2019

International Journal of Sport Communication

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In 1989, former Major League Baseball (MLB) player John Young created the Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities (RBI) program as a way to increase the number of African Americans becoming involved with the game of baseball. Along with this program, MLB created the Urban Youth Academy (UYA) in 2006 as a way to not only teach the game but also provide life skills to youth and adults. However, MLB continues to struggle in developing relationships and increasing involvement of African Americans. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand why African Americans are not interested or involved in MLB. Corporate social responsibility and relationship management theory were used as the frameworks for this study. Eleven RBI and UYA program managers were interviewed to determine the challenges they face in getting African Americans involved in the game. Results from this study indicated four themes regarding MLB program managers’ challenges: inconsistency in measuring success, lack of parental involvement, and lack of trust. A discussion, implications, and future directions are addressed.

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Jim Crow strikes out: Branch Rickey and the struggle for integration in American baseball

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

An Exercise in Subtleties and the Transmission of Racism: An Analysis of Sports Illustrated Covers

An Exercise in Subtleties and the Transmission of Racism: An Analysis of Sports Illustrated Covers

Every Picture Tells a Story: Racial Representation on Sports Illustrated Covers

The African American Community and Professional Baseball: Examining Major League Baseball’s Corporate Social-Responsibility Efforts as a Relationship-Management Strategy

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